ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 3: “mean of distribution” means “modo de distribuição”.

Ache os valores de !$ x_1 !$ e !$ x_2 !$ correspondentes ao máximo da função !$ y = ( - x^2_1 - x^2_2 + 10x_1 + 10x_2 + 31)^{^1_2} !$ e satisfazem a equação !$ x_1 + 2x_2 = 5 !$. Em cada opção assinale se falsa ou verdadeira:

Item 4: 4 e 2.

Ache os valores de !$ x_1 !$ e !$ x_2 !$ correspondentes ao máximo da função !$ y = ( - x^2_1 - x^2_2 + 10x_1 + 10x_2 + 31)^{^1_2} !$ e satisfazem a equação !$ x_1 + 2x_2 = 5 !$. Em cada opção assinale se falsa ou verdadeira:

Item 3: 1 e 0.

Ache os valores de !$ x_1 !$ e !$ x_2 !$ correspondentes ao máximo da função !$ y = ( - x^2_1 - x^2_2 + 10x_1 + 10x_2 + 31)^{^1_2} !$ e satisfazem a equação !$ x_1 + 2x_2 = 5 !$. Em cada opção assinale se falsa ou verdadeira:

Item 2: 3 e 1.

Ache os valores de !$ x_1 !$ e !$ x_2 !$ correspondentes ao máximo da função !$ y = ( - x^2_1 - x^2_2 + 10x_1 + 10x_2 + 31)^{^1_2} !$ e satisfazem a equação !$ x_1 + 2x_2 = 5 !$. Em cada opção assinale se falsa ou verdadeira:

Item 1: 2 e 3.

Se !$ f(x) = x^a !$, !$ x \ge 0 !$ e !$ 0 < a < 1 !$, examine as seguintes afirmações:

Item 1: A função df/dx é crescente

Numa economia tem-se, em percentagens do produto interno líquido:

• Poupança do setor privado: 18%
• Carga tributária bruta: 25%
• Outras receitas correntes do Governo: 1%
• Consumo do Governo: 10%
• Transferências: 10%
• Subsídios: 4%
• Superávit do balanço de pagamentos em transações correntes: 1%
• Depreciação do capital fixo: 6%
• Relação incremental capital/produto (líquida): 3

Isto posto:

Item 3: A Poupança Externa é 1% do Produto Interno Líquido.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

As still found in the fifth paragraph:

Item 2: “labor-saving” means “poupador de mão-de-obra”.

Considere o modelo Keynesiano simplificado onde o equilíbrio produto-despesa é descrito pela seguinte equação:

Y = C₀ + _cY + I + G

onde ,Y é o produto, !$ C_0 !$ o consumo autônomo, c a propensão marginal a consumir, I o investimento privado e G os gastos do governo. Classifique , como V ou F a afirmação abaixo:

Item 1: Com uma propensão marginal a consumir (c) igual a 0,5 uma expansão dos gastos do governo de G para 2G fará com que o produto de equilíbrio também dobre.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

As found in the first paragraph, the phrase “as long as” can be translated as:

Item 1: Tão longe quanto.