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Texto: Impacts of e-publishing
Impacts on stakeholders' interrelationships
New entrants in the supply side of the scholarly communication system were enabled by the OA, strongly challenging the relationships among publishers, libraries and authors. Competitiveness has been gradually injected to the market, since the new entrants are now performing some of the scientific publishing functions, such as registering, archiving and dissemination11. The online resources promote a way for authors to increase their work dissemination and its consequent usage and impact (Harnad, 2005). Additionally, the academic actors have been realising that they can assume the performance of some processes in the scholarly communication system, for which they have been actually responsible for years (Crow, 2002, pp. 7-9).
Impacts on the publishers-researchers (as authors) interrelationships
The major e-publishing impacts on the publisher-researcher interrelationship have been observed on the controversial issues about copyright ownership and on the inclusion of researchers as the disseminators of their own work in any stage of its development. In an OA model, the copyright ownership is required to remain with authors or with the institution, which license specific rights to publishers. According to Crow (2002, pp. 21-22) the authors' retention of the copyright and the retention of the right to publish copies of their articles in OA journals or in institutional repositories (IRs) are essential elements of the changes which have being occurring in the scholarly
publishing system.
Currently, authors are still dependent on publishers for reusing their own material and for publishing it on the open access models. The authors' recovering of their copyright ownership affects this current relationship of dependence, because instead of assigning total copyright to publishers, authors can assign only specific rights to publishers, using licenses like the Creative Commons. Actually, publishers do not need copyright transfer agreements either to publish or to exploit the article commercially (Gaad et al., 2003, p.266, Hoorn, 2005, p.63). Therefore, the returning of the copyright ownership to authors' reduces their dependence on publishers freeing them to the dissemination and exploitation of their own research work for educational and commercial purposes.
In addition, the OA strategies have enabled researchers and institutions to become disseminators of their own intellectual production and to breach the distribution channel exclusivity owned by publishers. The dissemination of their own intellectual production can be made in any stage of its development as pre-refereed (pre-print) and refereed published articles (post-print). This has promoted the exchanging of ideas and comments about a work, its informal quality certification, and mainly its wider and free of charge dissemination. These new practices affect the relationship publishers-researchers, since researchers as authors start demanding the possibility to self-archive pre-prints of their work without affecting the possibility having it published further. Additionally, the use of OA journals as a complement to traditional publishers'* work can be identified by the growing participation of authors in OA journals, rising from 11% (in January 2004) to 29% (in July 2005) (Rowlands & Nicholas, 2006, p.44).
Within this scenario, the growing of free online scientific content which is resulted from authors' dissemination can pressure traditional publishers to refocus their offerings and to offer more valued services beyond the single content delivery.
(Fonte: Ciência da Informação, Brasília, v. 36, n. 1, p. 158-166, jan./abr. 2007.)
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