During a professional development workshop, experienced English teachers debated the unpredictability of the relationship between English orthography and phonology. The discussion centered around words such as psychology, though, enough, colonel, and rhythm. These lexical items exemplify phenomena such as silent consonants, irregular vowel representations, and the lack of a transparent grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence. For instance, psychology demonstrates the silent from its Greek origin; though and enough illustrate the multiple realizations of the grapheme ; colonel reveals a deep etymological shift, where spelling no longer mirrors sound; and rhythm exemplifies the complexity of syllabic nuclei, since it has only one vowel letter but more than one syllable. The pedagogical challenge, therefore, lies in enabling learners to understand these irregularities explicitly rather than relying solely on exposure, which often results in fossilized errors.

About the text and based on the phonetic/phonological aspects of the English vocalic and consonantal systems, judge the following items.