The extract below consists of the introductory lines in the abstract of the study referred to in lines 56 to 64 of Text I. Some words are missing and you will be asked to complete the blanks in question 34.

“The existence of maintenance and inspection personnel _______ native language is not English suggests that language barriers _______ causing performance errors. This project examines _______ such errors exist, what patterns characterize these errors, what their contributing factors are and how effectively we can mitigate these errors. _______ language error would be communication errors by definition, _______ first we reviewed models of communication to search for characteristic error patterns. We identified two primary communication types relevant _______ aviation maintenance: synchronous communications (largely verbal and informal) and asynchronous communication (largely written and formal). We then analyzed several error databases (e.g. ASRS) and found that both the contributing factors and the use of recovery mechanisms were different for the two error types. Next, we analyzed survey data from 113 aircraft operators, covering their English speaking/ reading abilities and use of mitigation strategies. There were significant differences across four world regions in the incidence of these two sets of factors. Neither of these data sources emphasized maintenance, so to discover more refined patterns of error, contributing factors and mitigation strategies, we conducted a series of focus groups at maintenance organizations. The patterns found were grouped, as expected, into synchronous and asynchronous. We developed classified lists of contributing and mitigating factors, which will be used in subsequent stages to quantify error incidence and test the effectiveness of mitigation strategies.”

Retrieved from: http:// www2.hf.faa.gov/docs/508/docs/ Maint%20-%20Language%20SUNY.pdf