Schumann's Pidginization Hypothesis and Acculturation Model (reviewed in Larsen-Freeman and Long 1991, pp. 251-258) is an attempt to account for naturalistic second language acquisition (SLA) as a by-product of acculturation. Read the following statements, then decide which are correct according to Schumann's approach.

I. - Both pidginization and early naturalistic SLA involve development in a second language (SL) of the means necessary to satisfy only one of the three basic functions of language: the referential, or communicative function, i.e. that dealing simply with getting and giving information in inter-group communication. Neither pidgins nor early SLs develop forms to handle the other two functions of a native language, i.e. the integrative function, used to mark one's identity in society, or the expressive function, used to fulfil certain psychological needs, such as one's attitude towards what one is saying, since these are often handled by the learner's first language (L1) in intra-group communication. Schumann claims that early SLs and pidgins shared several linguistic features because each was governed by the same underlying simplification processes, themselves the product of their restricted function.

II. – Schumann claims that pidgins and early SLs are exactly the same, because the same simplification processes are at work in producing each, the extent of the simplification and reduction being a function of the social and psychological distance between the learner, both as a member of a group and as an individual, respectively, and speakers of the target language. He believes that, as a learner later attempts to use his or her SL for integrative and expressive purposes, the interlanguage (IL) shall complexify structurally. That is, expansion of the functions of the IL will lead to a corresponding growth in linguistic form. This process Schumann initially viewed as analogous to creolization, which is what happens when the first-generation children of pidgin speakers learn the parents' (restricte