Read the text that follows.

According to NUNAN (1999) one of the most radical transformations in the teaching of foreign languages in the last twenty years has been brought by the communicative approach and has to do with a shift in the views adopted by linguists, psychologists and teachers. In the previous methods learners acquired a solid knowledge of the language but had difficulty in communicating in the real world outside the predictable environment of the classroom.

During the 1970‘s, a different conceptualization of language began to emerge. Language is viewed as a system for the expression of meaning. Linguists begin to analyse language as a system to express meanings rather than a system of abstract syntactic rules.

(PIMENTA, S. Focus on teaching materials: methods and approaches, Belo Horizonte: PUC Minas Virtual, 2001ª, p.29-45.)

To promote effective communication of foreign language students in the world outside this predictable classroom environment mentioned in the text the communicative approach resorts to all the strategies listed below EXCEPT: