focusing exclusively on the accuracy of the form by providing a series of mechanical transformation drills, requiring students to change active sentences into passive ones to ensure the be + past participle pattern becomes a habit.

ensuring students can construct the morphosyntax (auxiliary be + past participle), explaining the semantic focus (defocusing the agent), and then implementing a context-sensitive task where students must choose between active and passive based on whether the agent is known or new information.

defining the structure as a static area of declarative knowledge by providing a list of verbs and their past participles for memorization, assuming that knowing the ‘how’ of the rules is sufficient for communication.

adopting a non-interface position by providing abundant comprehensible input through reading passages and assuming that students will pick up the complex rules of passive use naturally without any explicit focus on form.

treating the passive voice as a fixed set of rules with only one right answer and then testing students on their ability to identify the structure in isolated sentences without considering the social or discourse context.