Read the following concepts and definitions related to Second Language Acquisition studies, according to Rod Ellis (1994).

I. is the study of how language is used in communication. It is particularly concerned with appropriateness (what is said and how it is said in a particular context).

II. is the use of L1 to deal with some communication problem. Nowadays evidence for this phenomenon in all aspects of language – syntax, phonology, semantics and pragmatics – is abundant. It may not always manifest itself as errors but also as avoidance, overuse and facilitation. It constitutes one of the several processes involved in SLA.

III. refers to the belief that input solely does not provide the information needed for learning to be successful. Children must have prior knowledge of what is grammatically possible and impossible as part of their biological endowment.

IV. refers to the way people perceive, conceptualize, organize, and recall information.

The alternative which presents the correct sequence of expressions to fill in the gaps above is