"as the faithful gathered in Saint Peter's square" (lines 1 and 2) − adverbial clause of time.

"As Benedict saw it" (line 25) - adverbial clause of manner.

"What you saw in Italy" (line 29) - nominal relative clause.

"that have consequences in public policy and civil law" (lines 33 and 34) - restrictive relative clause.

"who founded his monastic order there in the sixth century" (lines 40 and 41) - restrictive relative clause.