Teacher-centered classes; teacher talk composed of simpler vocabulary and structure; authentic language presented; short, simple techniques used; brief real-life written material.

Teacher-centered classes; teacher talk sustained at natural pace; students concerned about grammatical correctness; complex techniques used; more sophisticated written material.

Student-centered classes; teacher talk sustained at natural speed; all authentic language material used; all kinds of techniques are possible; reading and writing skills closer to native-speaker competence.

Student-centered classes; teacher talk composed of simpler vocabulary and structure; nonauthentic language presented; short, simple techniques used; brief real-life written material.