Teachers and teachers in training need to be able to use approaches and methods flexibly and creatively based on their own judgment and experience. In this process, they should be encouraged to transform and adapt the methods they use to make their own. Training in the techniques and procedures of a specific method is probably essential for novice teachers entering teaching, because it provides them with the confidence they will need to face learners and it provides techniques and strategies for presenting lessons. In the early stages, teaching

is largely a matter of applying procedures and techniques developed by others.