Based on the written word and texts are widely in evidence. A typical approach would be to present the rules of a particular item of grammar.

Based on the model that knowledge can be created within a population where members actively interact by sharing experiences and take on asymmetry roles.

Based on model of the goal of which may be to read literature in its original form or simply to be a form of intellectual development.

Based on model of vocabulary list consisting of new lexical items used in the text together with the mother tongue translation.