Directions: Answer question based on TEXT I.
TEXT I
ETHICS OF WAR
Human beings have been fighting each other since prehistoric times, and people have been discussing the rights and wrongs of it for almost as long.
The Ethics of War starts by assuming that war is a bad thing, and should be avoided if possible, but it recognizes that there can be situations when war may be the lesser evil of several bad choices.
War is a bad thing because it involves deliberately killing or injuring people, and this is a fundamental wrong – an abuse of the victims human rights.
The purpose of war ethics is to help decide what is right or wrong, both for individuals and countries, and to contribute to debates on public policy, and ultimately to government and individual action.
War ethics also leads to the creation of formal codes of war (e.g. the Hague and Geneva conventions), the drafting and implementation of rules of engagement for soldiers, and in the punishment of soldiers and others for war crimes.
The three key questions are:
Is it ever right to go to war?
When is it right to fight?
What is the moral way to conduct a war?
The discussion of the ethics of war goes back to the Greeks and Romans, although neither civilization behaved particularly well in war.
In the Christian tradition war ethics were developed by St Augustine, and later by St Thomas Aquinas and others.
Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), a Dutch philosopher and author of De Jure Belli Ac Pacis (The Rights of War and Peace), wrote down the conditions for a just war that are accepted today.
Cicero argued that there was no acceptable reason for war outside of just revenge or self-defence – in which he included the defence of honor.
He also argued that a war could not be just unless it was publicly declared and unless compensation for the enemy’s offence had first been demanded.
Cicero based his argument on the assumption that nature and human reason influenced a society against war, and that there was a fundamental code of behavior for nations.
Adapted from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/war/. Shtml Acessado em 14/03/2013
Mark the only sentence below that has the same function of the Modal verb in bold in text.
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