Over time, several methodologies have shaped English Language Teaching (ELT), each with a distinct view of how languages are learned and taught. Regarding these methodologies, relate the items in Column A to those in Column B and then mark the alternative with the correct sequence.

Column A:

I. Audiolingual method

II. Grammar translation method

III. The direct method

IV. The lexical approach

Column B:

( ) This method relied heavily on drills to form some habits; substitution was built into these drills so that, in small steps, the student was constantly learning and, moreover, was shielded from the possibility of making mistakes by the design of the drill.

( ) In this method, students were given (in their own language) explanations of individual points of grammar, and then they were given sentences which exemplified these points. These sentences had to be translated from the target language (L2) back to the students’ first language (L1) and vice versa.

( ) This method arrived at the end of the nineteenth century. It was the product of a reform movement which was reacting to the restrictions of grammar translation. Translation was abandoned in favor of the teacher and the students speaking together, relating the grammatical forms they should be learning to objects and pictures, etc. in order to establish their meaning.

( ) This method is based on the assertion that “language consists not of traditional grammar and vocabulary but often of multi-word prefabricated chunks”.