Em relação à política econômica implementada desde 1994, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - tem sido exitosa na estabilização dos preços, em parte devido aos regimes fiscal e monetário vigentes desde 1994;

Segundo Celso Furtado, em Formação Econômica do Brasil, "...o fato de maior relevância ocorrido na economia brasileira no último quartel do século XIX, foi sem lugar à dúvida, o aumento da importância relativa do setor assalariado". Esse aumento da importância relativa do setor assalariado:

Item 2 - provocou sérias crises de liquidez, revelando a inadequação da oferta monetária às novas circunstâncias;

Com relação à curva de demanda agregada do modelo IS/LM em economia fechada assinale se o item abaixo é certo ou errado:

Item 2 - Se incorporamos uma relação negativa entre consumo e taxa de juros no modelo IS/LM tradicional, a curva de demanda agregada apresentará maior sensibilidade do produto à alterações no nível geral de preços.

“Reconsideration of Import Substitution”, by Henry J. Breton, Journal of Economic Literature June 1998, pp. 903-936.

The following text contains two sections of the article above by Henry J. Breton. Your job is to agree or disagree with these statements. Read the definition and mark it right or wrong.

Section 3.2. Key Role of Capital Formation

These ideas put primary emphasis on capital formation as the source of growth. The most obvious difference between firms in rich countries and those in poor ones was the extent to which physical capital was available to work with the labor. There are virtually no data on capital/labor ratios for the early 195 Q's, but there is little doubt that this ratio was vastly higher in the North than in the South in virtually all sectors, except for foreign firms engaged in mining of one kind or another. Thus another policy objective eras to accelerate the rate of investment. This view was supported by a now-famous Arthur Lewis statement: "The central problem in the theory of economic growth is to understand the process by which a community is converted from being a 5 percent saver to a 12 percent saver"(Lewis 1955, pp. 325-26). Tae nearest thing available to a formal theory of growth was that of Roy F. Harrod (1939. 1949), in which the only specified source of growth was capital formation. Harrod specified a simple relationship between increased output and increased capital--the incremental capital/output ratio (ICOR). This ratio was assumed to be constant due to technological factors. There were numerous estimates of the ICOR, and most plans made specific assumptions about its value for sectors and for the economy as a whole. Such estimates were widely used to determine the amount of new capital required to achieve a given growth target. Most observers considered domestic saving the primary constraint, and the earliest arguments for foreign aid rested on the assumption that the savings of the poor countries had to be supplemented by foreign savings if acceptable growth rates were to be achieved.

The allocation of capital within the boundaries laid down with respect to structural change was an important issue. In some instances, the ICOR estimates were used as a criterion; that is; invest where the ICORs are smallest. There were efforts to identify specific objectives to be served by the new investment: for example to raise the saving rate, increase exports, maximize na employment effect, meet certain regional objectives, etc. Evidently this way of thinking revealed further doubts about an effective market answer.

The capital goods sector :vas small or nonexistent in the newly independent countries, and most capital goods had to be imported. An obvious way to encourage investment was to maintain an exchange rate that kept capital's domestic price low. This could be most easily done by maintaining an overvalued exchange rate (or, less frequently, multiple exchange rates). Overvalued exchange rates (relative to a free trade situation) appeared as a means to encourage investment. This produced balance of payment pressures, and to counter these

varieties of tariffs. import licenses, and exchange controls were put in place. Protection in many forms was afforded currently imported consumer durables (and now and then simple capital goods) behind which domestic production took place. Consumer goods (especially durables), rather than capital goods, were protected on the grounds that their costs of production in the developing country would be relatively less than those of capital goods, because production of the latter goods was assumed to be more capital intensive and to employ more complex technology. Where Mahalanobis' view strongly prevailed--India. Brazil, and possibly other large countries--domestic production of capital goods .:as encouraged by keeping out imports and by direct subsidies. Even in such countries. however, attention was given mainly to protecting the domestic market from importation of consumer durables.

The author states that the policy makers used several instruments directed to implement their import substitution police.

Item 2 - The capital goods were discouraged in favor of consumer goods because they were also capital and technologic intensive industries.

Considere o mercado de grampos no país A, caracterizado pelas curvas de oferta P = -4 + Q^s e de demanda P = 25 – 2 Q^d . O governo deste país analisa sua política de abertura do mercado ao comércio exterior.

Item 2 - A variação no excedente do produtor (!$ \Delta !$EP) no país A causada pelo imposto sobre as importações será menor (em valor absoluto) que a variação no excedente do consumidor (!$ \Delta !$EC) no país A.

Considere agora a possibilidade de discriminação de preços:

Item 2 - A discriminação de preços de segundo grau é a prática de preços diferenciados de acordo com a quantidade consumida.

Considere a Caixa de Edgeworth abaixo, que descreve as preferências de dois indivíduos A e B com relação a dois bens, e suas dotações iniciais caracterizadas pelo ponto E. Os níveis de utilidade obtidos com as dotações iniciais são respectivamente UA,0 e UB,0. Observe que o indivíduo A tem toda a dotação de um dos bens, e que o indivíduo B tem toda a dotação do outro bem. Nesta situação, é correto afirmar que:

Item 2 - O ponto M não pode ser ótimo de Pareto pois o indivíduo A fica numa situação pior do que com sua dotação inicial.

Assinale o item abaixo se é certo ou errado:

Item 2 - O temor quanto à solvência do sistema bancário pode induzir a substituição de depósitos à vista por papel moeda o que levaria a um aumento da taxa de juros.

A evolução da política cambial brasileira, anterior à crise de 1929, permite as seguintes observações:

Item 1 - a criação da Caixa de Conversão em 1906 teve como um de seus objetivos a manutenção de um câmbio estável;

Os efeitos da crise mundial de 1929 foram transmitidos à economia brasileira pelo comércio internacional. No que se refere aos primeiros anos da década de trinta, verifica-se que:

Item 0 - a queda nos preços das exportações brasileiras provocou um aumento proporcionalmente maior das quantidades exportadas e conseqüente aumento das receitas de exportação;