Sobre a economia brasileira no período compreendido pelas duas guerras mundiais, é correto afirmar que:

Item 1 - A queda da arrecadação do imposto de importação durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial foi compensada, em parte, pelo aumento de arrecadação do imposto sobre o consumo.

The issue of speculation in emerging markets and the unfettered trade in foreign currencies is the most immediate and vexing problem faced by policymakers.

Politicians and central bankers worry about how to achieve economic stability without inhibiting the flexibility necessary for growth. Yet flows of speculative capital into fragile emerging markets have not brought any visible long-term benefits. Indeed, it can be argued that they have actually hindered the evolution of the liberal market system in many countries.

In this instance, speculation has been no friend of capitalism.

With respect to the issue of speculation in foreign currencies in emerging markets, the text makes it clear that

Item 4 - the inflow of speculative capital is yet to demonstrate its merits in many countries.

The issue of speculation in emerging markets and the unfettered trade in foreign currencies is the most immediate and vexing problem faced by policymakers.

Politicians and central bankers worry about how to achieve economic stability without inhibiting the flexibility necessary for growth. Yet flows of speculative capital into fragile emerging markets have not brought any visible long-term benefits. Indeed, it can be argued that they have actually hindered the evolution of the liberal market system in many countries.

In this instance, speculation has been no friend of capitalism.

With respect to the issue of speculation in foreign currencies in emerging markets, the text makes it clear that

Item 1 - controlling trade in foreign currencies risks reducing the flexibility necessary for growth;

Avalie a afirmativa:

Item 0 - Seja !$ f: \, R \, \rightarrow \, R !$ uma função duas vezes continuamente diferenciável. Se f atinge um máximo local estrito em !$ \chi 0, !$ então !$ f^{ \prime} \, ( \chi 0) \, = \, 0, f^{ \prime} \prime( \chi 0) \, < \, 0. !$

Furthermore, the central banker’s main tool for controlling speculation is raising interest rates. As long as speculators continue to anticipate large profits from capital gains they are not deterred by high interest rates. And, as Keynes observed in the 1930s, raising interest rates to control speculation at the end of the business cycle damages the whole economy. The only other tool left to central bankers is to issue warnings to speculators to desist from their activities – what was called “moral suasion” in the 1920s. Time and time again, such warnings have been made by authorities and on no occasion have speculators heeded a word.

According to the text:

Item 3 - Governments should use “moral suasion” to deter speculative behavior.

Entre os principais problemas associados à crise de 1962-1967, incluem-se:

Item 3 - o choque do petróleo;