O gráfico abaixo mostra a curva de renda-consumo (ou caminho de expansão da renda) de um consumidor. A respeito do bem x₁, é correto afirmar:

Item 1 - x₁ é um bem necessário.

A year after the publication of Kalecki’s article, in 1956, Kaldor visited Santiago as a consultant to ECLA, commissioned to undertake a study of Chile’s economic problems. In his 1959 paper, which was also initially published in Mexico, Kaldor attributed many of Chile’s problems to over-regulation of the economy, but also restated Kalecki’s argument more formally: if productivity rises in nonagricultural sectors, but not in agriculture, then assuming that demand for food depends purely on the level of real wages and is inelastic with respect to the relative prices of food and non-food items, an expansion of money supply in step with rising GDP would raise money wages and ‘the rise in money wages would cause, by a series of steps, a sufficient rise in food prices (relative to both wages and non-food prices) to offset entirely the increase in real earnings in terms of non-food items’.

According to the text, Kaldor:

Item 0 - added over-regulation to the forms of “structural rigidity”.

Considere a seguinte regressão entre!$ y_t !$ e !$ z_t !$:

!$ y_t=\alpha z_t + u_t !$,

em que !$ u_t !$ é o erro. É correto afirmar:

Item 1 - Se !$ y_t !$ for I(0) e !$ z_t !$ for I(1), então !$ y_t !$ e !$ z_t !$ são co-integradas.

Considere o modelo de regressão linear múltipla para dados seccionais:

!$ y_i=\beta_0+\beta_1x_{1i}+\beta_2x_{2i}+L + \beta_k x_{ki}+u_i, \,\,\,\, i=1,K,n !$

É correto afirmar que:

Item 2 - As estatísticas t e F continuam válidas assintoticamente mesmo que os erros da regressão sejam heterocedásticos.

Conclusion

Criticism of the structuralist theory of inflation of course did not spell the end of structuralism as a broad anti-market ideology, either in developed or developing countries. In developed countries the doctrine of market failure has come under increasingly critical scrutiny, broadly on the ground, as H.G. Johnson once put it, that ‘the possibility of market failure is not sufficient to prove the certainty of government success’. The price system, with all its acknowledged defects, may yet, on balance, be the lesser evil, compared with the operation in practice of bureaucratic planning and controls – controls which are often, as at least one contributor to the Latin American debate pointed out, a major source of the very rigidities which hamper the working of the price system.

The text leads to the following conclusions:

Item 4 - Structuralism survives in both developed and developing countries as an anti-market ideology.