Considere uma economia de troca pura com dois bens (x₁ e x₂) e dois indivíduos (A e B). Sejam: !$ u_A(x_1,x_2)=x_1^{1/3}x_2^{2/3},u_b(x_1,x_2)Min\{x_1,x_2\} !$ e as dotações !$ w_a=(10,20) !$ e !$ w_B=(20,5) !$. Avalie a afirmativa:

Item 4 - Em uma economia de trocas, se a alocação inicial é ótima de Pareto, o equilíbrio competitivo é justo.

Responda V (verdadeiro) ou F (falso):

Item 1 - Seja X uma matriz !$ 100 \times 8 !$ com posto igual a 8 e seja I a matriz identidade !$ 100\times100 !$. Então !$ tr(I-X(X'X)^{-1}X')=100-8\times 8=36 !$, em que !$ tr !$ denota o traço da matriz.

Considere a seguinte regressão entre!$ y_t !$ e !$ z_t !$:

!$ y_t=\alpha z_t + u_t !$,

em que !$ u_t !$ é o erro. É correto afirmar:

Item 2 - Se !$ y_t !$ for I(1) e !$ z_t !$ for I(1), então !$ y_t !$ e !$ z_t !$ são co-integradas.

The Origins of Structuralism

H.W. Arndt. Modern Political Economy and Latin America. Eds. Jeffry Frieden,
Manuel Pastor Jr., and Michael Tomz. Westview Press, 2000: 5-9.

Introduction

In his recent book on economic development, I.M.D. Little distinguishes two broad categories of development economics. He calls them ‘neoclassical economics’ and ‘structuralism’.

“The structuralist sees the world as inflexible. Change is inhibited by obstacles, bottlenecks and constraints. People find it hard to move or adapt, and resources tend to be stuck. In economic terms, the supply of most things is inelastic. Such general inflexibility was thought to apply particularly to LDC’s.... Entrepreneurs were lacking; and communications were poor.... This alleged inflexibility was married to the evident fact that the production structure of developing countries was very different from that of developed countries. To achieve development, it had to be changed rapidly.... The structuralist view of the world provides a reason for distrusting the price mechanism and for trying to bring about change in other ways. If supplies and demands are very inelastic large price changes are needed to achieve small quantitative adjustments. Large price changes are disturbing, both directly and also because they result in changes in income distribution.... If the losers are powerful, they may... be able to resist the change through organized industrial or political action... Structuralism primarily seeks to provide a reason for managing change by administrative action.”

The purpose of this article is to explore further the origins of structuralism, both in the broader sense and the more specific context of Latin American structuralist theories of inflation, and the links between them.

According to I.M.D. Little, the world which the structuralists see:

Item 1 - is a world in which supply doesn’t respond to price changes in most instances.

Considere uma economia de troca pura com dois bens (x₁ e x₂) e dois indivíduos (A e B). Sejam: !$ u_A(x_1,x_2)=x_1^{1/3}x_2^{2/3},u_b(x_1,x_2)Min\{x_1,x_2\} !$ e as dotações !$ w_a=(10,20) !$ e !$ w_B=(20,5) !$. Avalie a afirmativa:

Item 3 - Se os preços de mercado são !$ p_1=1 !$ e !$ p_2=1 !$, então, o excesso de demanda será !$ (-7.5,7.5) !$.