Em relação ao tratamento das falhas de mercado, avalie a afirmativa:

Item 2 teorema de Coase afirma que, quando as partes puderem negociar livremente visando ao benefício mútuo, o resultado será eficiente, independentemente da presença de custos de transação e de como estejam alocados os direitos de propriedade.

TEXT 1

Rescuing environmentalism
(From The Economist print edition, Apr 21st 2005)

Market forces could prove the environment's best friend—if only greens could learn to love them

"The environmental movement's foundational concepts, its method for framing legislative proposals, and its very institutions are outmoded. Today environmentalism is just another special interest." Those damning words come not from any industry lobby or right-wing think-tank. They are drawn from "The Death of Environmentalism", an influential essay published recently by two greens with impeccable credentials. They claim that environmental groups are politically adrift and dreadfully out of touch. They are right. In America, greens have suffered a string of defeats on high-profile issues. They are losing the battle to prevent oil drilling in Alaska's wild lands, and have failed to spark the public's imagination over global warming. Even the stridently ungreen George Bush has failed to galvanize the environmental movement. The solution, argue many elders of the sect, is to step back from day-to-day politics and policies and "energize" ordinary punters with talk of global-warming calamities and a radical "vision of the future commensurate with the magnitude of the crisis".

The article’s introduction leads the reader to expect:

Item 0 an apologetic appraisal of the environmental movement;

These, however, are obvious targets. What is really intriguing are efforts to value previously ignored "ecological services", both basic ones such as water filtration and flood prevention, and luxuries such as preserving wildlife. At the same time, advances in environmental science are making those valuation studies more accurate. Market mechanisms can then be employed to achieve these goals at the lowest cost. Today, countries from Panama to Papua New Guinea are investigating ways to price nature in this way.

According to the text

Item 4 Panama and Papua New Guinea are well established testing grounds for market-based environmental policies.

A Instrução 70 da SUMOC, de 9 de outubro de 1953, introduziu importantes mudanças no sistema cambial brasileiro. Esta Instrução:

Item 4 permitiu às empresas sediadas no País importar máquinas e equipamentos sem cobertura cambial.

Europe's green groups, while politically stronger, are also starting to lose their way intellectually. Consider, for example, their invocation of the woolly "precautionary principle" to demonize any complex technology (next-generation nuclear plants, say, or genetically modified crops) that they do not like the look of. A more sensible green analysis of nuclear power would weigh its (very high) economic costs and (fairly low) safety risks against the important benefit of generating electricity with no greenhouse-gas emissions.

The text

Item 0 advocates cost/benefit analyses as the proper way to evaluate technologies with environmental impact.

A respeito da curva de Phillips e da oferta agregada, avalie a proposição:

Item 3 Quando as expectativas são adaptativas, a autoridade monetária tem um “incentivo” a desviar-se da meta de inflação previamente anunciada.

These, however, are obvious targets. What is really intriguing are efforts to value previously ignored "ecological services", both basic ones such as water filtration and flood prevention, and luxuries such as preserving wildlife. At the same time, advances in environmental science are making those valuation studies more accurate. Market mechanisms can then be employed to achieve these goals at the lowest cost. Today, countries from Panama to Papua New Guinea are investigating ways to price nature in this way.

According to the text

Item 0 the value of ecological services is either nil or ignored.