Foram encontradas 390 questões.
Sobre a economia brasileira e a política econômica durante a execução do Plano Estratégico de Desenvolvimento (PED) e do II Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento (II PND), é correto afirmar:
Item 0 - O PED propunha estimular o setor agrícola com a expansão do crédito e com juros baixos, com o propósito de estimular a produção primária tanto para o mercado interno como para exportação.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text 2
Pandemic disease
Never again
As the Ebola epidemic draws gradually to its close, how should the world arm itself against the risks of insurgent infections?
Mar 21st 2015 | From the print edition
THE outbreak of Ebola fever brought to the world’s attention on March 22nd 2014 by Médecins Sans Frontières, an international charity, has infected some 25,000 people and killed more than 10,000 of them—almost all in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. It is abating. Liberia is close to declaring itself free of the virus and infection rates are falling in Sierra Leone. But it is not over yet, for in Guinea Ebola still kills dozens of people a week.
Moreover, the aftermath will harm the three countries’ economies, costing at least $1.6 billion in forgone economic growth this year, according to the World Bank.
Though it could have been a lot worse (at the height of the crisis some epidemiologists were talking of hundreds of thousands of deaths) it might also have been a lot better.
Previous Ebola outbreaks killed dozens or hundreds. The whole episode therefore suggests that the world’s defences against epidemics, though they have been strengthened since the rapid spread of SARS in 2002 and 2003 demonstrated their weaknesses, could do with reinforcing still further.
The prime directive of epidemic prevention is early detection. That means good surveillance. Unfortunately, only 64 of the 194 members of the World Health Organisation (WHO) have surveillance procedures, laboratories and data-management capabilities good enough to fulfil their obligations under an agreement known as the International Health Regulations. This, though, is changing. In Africa, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda have sharpened up. So has Vietnam. America is now helping 30 other countries, including the three affected by Ebola, to follow suit while, at the same time, improving their networks of clinics. Groups of neighbours are also coming together to form regional surveillance networks that can follow outbreaks across borders. Researchers in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, for example, have formed what they call the Asian Partnership on Emerging Infectious Diseases Research.
Along with early detection, the world needs to get better at responding—both institutionally and technologically. The WHO, notoriously slow off the mark when it came to Ebola, is widely regarded as too ponderous and bureaucratic to react with the speed needed to nip an emerging epidemic in the bud. There is talk of setting up a specialist international epidemic-prevention organisation. Bill Gates, a philanthropist whose foundation does a lot of work on disease control in poor countries, encourages this idea in this week’s New England Journal of Medicine. He notes that epidemics and war are similarly costly of blood and treasure, but that only war is taken seriously by politicians—at least in terms of preparations such as standing armies. As if to prove the point, the threat of bioterrorism has been one motive for what preparations have been put in place.
An army, of course, needs weapons. And, in the case of epidemics, it is important to think about what those might be. The temptation is to put money into high-profile areas like vaccines and drugs. It may, though, be more useful to concentrate on diagnosis, because this can stop people spreading a disease. The science of diagnostic testing is advancing rapidly, making it easier to come up quickly with a test for a new pathogen. That, Mr Gates believes, presents an opportunity. But it is one, he says, which requires the establishment of a rapid approval and procurement process, so that diagnostic tests can be made available quickly during outbreaks. They also need to be portable, like pregnancy tests, to keep people out of clinics where they might otherwise spread infection.
Drugs and vaccines are still important, of course. Research is going on into ways to make new vaccines quickly, so trials can start within days of an outbreak. Modern biological techniques mean a pathogen’s genome can be copied and stuck into other cells to turn out proteins which might be used as a vaccine’s active ingredients. Once a vaccine has been identified, the same techniques could be used to make it quickly, and possibly locally if a portable factory were shipped to an affected area.
The sinews of war
But none of this rapid response can happen without cash. One lesson of an earlier incident, the H1N1 influenza (“swine flu”) pandemic of 2009, was the lack of a contingency fund to deal with such things. This is a problem Jim Yong Kim, president of the World Bank, is determined to solve. He has been meeting with politicians and the private sector to advance the case for a “global pandemic emergency financing facility”.
One more modest possibility is that pools of research funding could be set up in advance, along with agreed research protocols, allowing health studies to start more quickly. An existing example of this is a fund created by the Wellcome Trust, a British medical charity.
Even on the coldest of calculations, a contingency fund would be a wise precaution. The damage caused by Ebola to west Africa’s economy is trivial compared with the cost of, say, a global influenza pandemic. The World Bank reckons that might reduce global economic activity by almost 5%. How many would die would depend on the virus’s virulence. But even a 1% death rate, for something that was truly worldwide, would add up to millions. That is too much blood, and too much treasure, for politicians to ignore.
From the print edition: Science and technology
The text states that:
Item 0 - Vietnam is taking seriously its obligations towards the International Health Regulations;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Avalie a proposições seguinte, que dizem respeito à teoria da competição perfeita:
Item 1 - No curto prazo, o excedente do produtor, medido pela diferença entre receita total e a área acima do custo marginal, é equivalente aos lucros mais os custos fixos;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Para avaliar a alternativa abaixo, considere, de acordo com os modelos de Mundell-Fleming e de oferta agregada e demanda agregada, uma economia aberta de pequeno porte com perfeita mobilidade do capital, expectativas estáticas em relação à taxa de câmbio e ausência de risco país.
Item 2 - Se taxas de câmbio são flutuantes, uma expansão fiscal não desloca a curva de demanda agregada, mas aumenta o fluxo líquido de capital para o exterior;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Um economista deseja avaliar o consumo de carne bovina em 2 estados brasileiros: Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Para tanto, ele seleciona uma amostra de 50.000 unidades de consumo, 35.000 localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul (primeira sub-amostra) e 15.000 no Rio Grande do Norte (segunda sub-amostra). Inicialmente, o economista preferiu trabalhar com as sub-amostras em separado.
Para as duas sub-amostras ele estima a Curva de Engel para o consumo de carne bovina pelo método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários. Os resultados das regressões estão abaixo, em que os erros-padrão estão entre parênteses:
[Para a resolução desta questão talvez lhe seja útil saber que se Z tem distribuição normal padrão, então P(|Z|>1,645)=0,10 e P(|Z|>1,96)=0,05]
In (consumo) = 0,30 + 1,15 ln(renda) - RS (1)
(0,25) (0,04)
R2 = 0,45 e n=35.000
In (consumo) = 0,80 + 0,67 ln(renda) - RN (2)
(0,65) (0,07)
R2 = 0,38 e n=15.000 ,
em que ln(consumo) é o logaritmo natural do consumo de carne bovina, em quilogramas, e ln(renda) é o logaritmo natural da renda total do domicílio, em milhares de reais. Todas as suposições usuais acerca do modelo de regressão linear clássico são satisfeitas.
Com base nos resultados acima, e supondo que a amostra é suficientemente grande para que aproximações assintóticas sejam válidas, é correto afirmar que:
Item 4 - O economista decidiu trabalhar apenas com a amostra completa, agregando as informações dos dois estados e indicando a localização da unidade de consumo por meio de uma variável dummy, nos parâmetros em que 1 indica o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Dado um aumento de 1% na renda a diferença média de consumo de carne bovina entre as unidades localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul e no Rio Grande do Norte será a diferença entre os dois parâmetros da ln(renda) das equações (1) e (2).
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Considere a seguinte alternativa sobre os estimadores de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários em um modelo de regressão múltipla:
Item 4 - As estimativas de modelos cross-section com a presença de correlação serial geram estimadores viesados.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text 2
Pandemic disease
Never again
As the Ebola epidemic draws gradually to its close, how should the world arm itself against the risks of insurgent infections?
Mar 21st 2015 | From the print edition
THE outbreak of Ebola fever brought to the world’s attention on March 22nd 2014 by Médecins Sans Frontières, an international charity, has infected some 25,000 people and killed more than 10,000 of them—almost all in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. It is abating. Liberia is close to declaring itself free of the virus and infection rates are falling in Sierra Leone. But it is not over yet, for in Guinea Ebola still kills dozens of people a week.
Moreover, the aftermath will harm the three countries’ economies, costing at least $1.6 billion in forgone economic growth this year, according to the World Bank.
Though it could have been a lot worse (at the height of the crisis some epidemiologists were talking of hundreds of thousands of deaths) it might also have been a lot better.
Previous Ebola outbreaks killed dozens or hundreds. The whole episode therefore suggests that the world’s defences against epidemics, though they have been strengthened since the rapid spread of SARS in 2002 and 2003 demonstrated their weaknesses, could do with reinforcing still further.
The prime directive of epidemic prevention is early detection. That means good surveillance. Unfortunately, only 64 of the 194 members of the World Health Organisation (WHO) have surveillance procedures, laboratories and data-management capabilities good enough to fulfil their obligations under an agreement known as the International Health Regulations. This, though, is changing. In Africa, Ethiopia, Rwanda and Uganda have sharpened up. So has Vietnam. America is now helping 30 other countries, including the three affected by Ebola, to follow suit while, at the same time, improving their networks of clinics. Groups of neighbours are also coming together to form regional surveillance networks that can follow outbreaks across borders. Researchers in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, for example, have formed what they call the Asian Partnership on Emerging Infectious Diseases Research.
Along with early detection, the world needs to get better at responding—both institutionally and technologically. The WHO, notoriously slow off the mark when it came to Ebola, is widely regarded as too ponderous and bureaucratic to react with the speed needed to nip an emerging epidemic in the bud. There is talk of setting up a specialist international epidemic-prevention organisation. Bill Gates, a philanthropist whose foundation does a lot of work on disease control in poor countries, encourages this idea in this week’s New England Journal of Medicine. He notes that epidemics and war are similarly costly of blood and treasure, but that only war is taken seriously by politicians—at least in terms of preparations such as standing armies. As if to prove the point, the threat of bioterrorism has been one motive for what preparations have been put in place.
An army, of course, needs weapons. And, in the case of epidemics, it is important to think about what those might be. The temptation is to put money into high-profile areas like vaccines and drugs. It may, though, be more useful to concentrate on diagnosis, because this can stop people spreading a disease. The science of diagnostic testing is advancing rapidly, making it easier to come up quickly with a test for a new pathogen. That, Mr Gates believes, presents an opportunity. But it is one, he says, which requires the establishment of a rapid approval and procurement process, so that diagnostic tests can be made available quickly during outbreaks. They also need to be portable, like pregnancy tests, to keep people out of clinics where they might otherwise spread infection.
Drugs and vaccines are still important, of course. Research is going on into ways to make new vaccines quickly, so trials can start within days of an outbreak. Modern biological techniques mean a pathogen’s genome can be copied and stuck into other cells to turn out proteins which might be used as a vaccine’s active ingredients. Once a vaccine has been identified, the same techniques could be used to make it quickly, and possibly locally if a portable factory were shipped to an affected area.
The sinews of war
But none of this rapid response can happen without cash. One lesson of an earlier incident, the H1N1 influenza (“swine flu”) pandemic of 2009, was the lack of a contingency fund to deal with such things. This is a problem Jim Yong Kim, president of the World Bank, is determined to solve. He has been meeting with politicians and the private sector to advance the case for a “global pandemic emergency financing facility”.
One more modest possibility is that pools of research funding could be set up in advance, along with agreed research protocols, allowing health studies to start more quickly. An existing example of this is a fund created by the Wellcome Trust, a British medical charity.
Even on the coldest of calculations, a contingency fund would be a wise precaution. The damage caused by Ebola to west Africa’s economy is trivial compared with the cost of, say, a global influenza pandemic. The World Bank reckons that might reduce global economic activity by almost 5%. How many would die would depend on the virus’s virulence. But even a 1% death rate, for something that was truly worldwide, would add up to millions. That is too much blood, and too much treasure, for politicians to ignore.
From the print edition: Science and technology
According to the text:
Item 0 - There had been Ebola outbreaks before;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
O consumidor B, proprietário da dotação !$ w \, = \, (x, \, y) \, = \, (10, \, 10) !$, apresenta função utilidade dada por !$ U_b(x, \, y) \, = \, x.y. !$ O preço do bem x é representado por P e o preço do bem y é fixo em $1. Se B pode negociar livremente sua dotação aos preços de mercado, responda:
Item 0 - A curva preço-consumo de B é representada pela expressão !$ y \, = \, { \large {5x} \over x \, - \, 5}; !$
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Com relação à teoria da demanda e do consumidor, é correto afirmar que:
Item 1 - A variação compensadora e a variação equivalente da renda para um consumidor em relação a uma dada mudança nos preços relativos dos bens x e y serão iguais par uma função de utilidade do consumidor dada por !$ U \, (x, \, y) \, = \, x^{0,7} \, y^{0,3} !$;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Classifique a seguinte alternativa como verdadeira ou falsa:
Item 4 - Se !$ f(x) \, = \, 4x(1 - x) !$ é definida no domínio [0,1], a função !$ f^{(3)} \, (x) \, = \, f(f(f(x))) !$ tem 4 máximos absolutos em [0,1].
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Cadernos
Caderno Container