Text for the items from 31 to 40.

Heat waves: Brazil surpasses 50 days per year of high temperatures

1 The intense heat wave Brazil faces this week, with temperatures over 40 ºC in many parts of the country, isn’t a rare

event anymore. In the last decade, the occurrence of extreme hot periods has increased, and the number of days in which

we face heat waves has surpassed the average of 50 per year.

4 That is what shows an analysis by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe, in Portuguese) presented on

Monday (13), which considered some changes in Brazil during the last 60 years due to global warming.

According to the survey, between 1961 and 1990 – the reference period for the study – the number of days with

7 heat waves did not surpass the average of seven per year. With the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the

global average temperature, they jumped to 20 days from 1991 to 2000, then 40 days in the next decade and reached an

average of 52 days between 2011 and 2020.

10 The increase in the duration of heat waves was identified across the country, but was more pronounced in the North

and Northeast regions.

The analysis did not consider indicators of the last three years. However, the tendency is for this increase to

13 continue – even more so considering that 2023 is expected to be, globally, the hottest year on record.

According to the National Institute of Meteorology, the average temperature in Brazil is also breaking record after

record. The months of July, August, September and October were the hottest since the beginning of the measurements. The

16 expectation is that the extreme temperatures observed particularly this week across the country will also break all records.

Researchers consider a heat wave a period of at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature

surpasses at least 10% of what is considered extreme compared with the reference period.

19 Not only are the heat waves increasing in the country, but also the temperature. “We identified a tendency for

maximum temperatures to rise with a very significant warning. Between 2011 and 2020, all the Brazilian regions recorded a

rise in temperatures over 1.5 ºC, that is, higher than what was established by the Paris Agreement,” explained Lincoln Alves,

22 the researcher at Inpe who coordinated data collection.

He was referring to the commitment signed by almost all the countries in 2015, during the UN Climate Summit,

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the world’s average temperature rise over 1.5 ºC compared to the

25 pre-industrial period.

In some parts of the world, particularly in the northeast and central areas, the maximum temperatures between

2011 and 2020 were 3 ºC above the measurements recorded for the reference period.

28 According to the analysis, in the reference period (from 1961 to 1990), the average maximum temperature for the

region used to be 30.7 ºC. It rose to 31.2 ºC between 1991 and 2000, then 31.6 °C between 2001 and 2010, and jumped

to 32.2 ºC between 2011 and 2020.

31 The data will be used to develop an adaptation strategy in Brazil as part of the Climate Plan, which is being prepared

by the federal government. With this information, the idea is to analyze the possible impacts and vulnerabilities and find

ways to adapt cities and regions to the new reality.

Internet: <www.brasildefato.com.br> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for the items from 31 to 40.

Heat waves: Brazil surpasses 50 days per year of high temperatures

1 The intense heat wave Brazil faces this week, with temperatures over 40 ºC in many parts of the country, isn’t a rare

event anymore. In the last decade, the occurrence of extreme hot periods has increased, and the number of days in which

we face heat waves has surpassed the average of 50 per year.

4 That is what shows an analysis by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe, in Portuguese) presented on

Monday (13), which considered some changes in Brazil during the last 60 years due to global warming.

According to the survey, between 1961 and 1990 – the reference period for the study – the number of days with

7 heat waves did not surpass the average of seven per year. With the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the

global average temperature, they jumped to 20 days from 1991 to 2000, then 40 days in the next decade and reached an

average of 52 days between 2011 and 2020.

10 The increase in the duration of heat waves was identified across the country, but was more pronounced in the North

and Northeast regions.

The analysis did not consider indicators of the last three years. However, the tendency is for this increase to

13 continue – even more so considering that 2023 is expected to be, globally, the hottest year on record.

According to the National Institute of Meteorology, the average temperature in Brazil is also breaking record after

record. The months of July, August, September and October were the hottest since the beginning of the measurements. The

16 expectation is that the extreme temperatures observed particularly this week across the country will also break all records.

Researchers consider a heat wave a period of at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature

surpasses at least 10% of what is considered extreme compared with the reference period.

19 Not only are the heat waves increasing in the country, but also the temperature. “We identified a tendency for

maximum temperatures to rise with a very significant warning. Between 2011 and 2020, all the Brazilian regions recorded a

rise in temperatures over 1.5 ºC, that is, higher than what was established by the Paris Agreement,” explained Lincoln Alves,

22 the researcher at Inpe who coordinated data collection.

He was referring to the commitment signed by almost all the countries in 2015, during the UN Climate Summit,

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the world’s average temperature rise over 1.5 ºC compared to the

25 pre-industrial period.

In some parts of the world, particularly in the northeast and central areas, the maximum temperatures between

2011 and 2020 were 3 ºC above the measurements recorded for the reference period.

28 According to the analysis, in the reference period (from 1961 to 1990), the average maximum temperature for the

region used to be 30.7 ºC. It rose to 31.2 ºC between 1991 and 2000, then 31.6 °C between 2001 and 2010, and jumped

to 32.2 ºC between 2011 and 2020.

31 The data will be used to develop an adaptation strategy in Brazil as part of the Climate Plan, which is being prepared

by the federal government. With this information, the idea is to analyze the possible impacts and vulnerabilities and find

ways to adapt cities and regions to the new reality.

Internet: <www.brasildefato.com.br> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for the items from 31 to 40.

Heat waves: Brazil surpasses 50 days per year of high temperatures

1 The intense heat wave Brazil faces this week, with temperatures over 40 ºC in many parts of the country, isn’t a rare

event anymore. In the last decade, the occurrence of extreme hot periods has increased, and the number of days in which

we face heat waves has surpassed the average of 50 per year.

4 That is what shows an analysis by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe, in Portuguese) presented on

Monday (13), which considered some changes in Brazil during the last 60 years due to global warming.

According to the survey, between 1961 and 1990 – the reference period for the study – the number of days with

7 heat waves did not surpass the average of seven per year. With the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the

global average temperature, they jumped to 20 days from 1991 to 2000, then 40 days in the next decade and reached an

average of 52 days between 2011 and 2020.

10 The increase in the duration of heat waves was identified across the country, but was more pronounced in the North

and Northeast regions.

The analysis did not consider indicators of the last three years. However, the tendency is for this increase to

13 continue – even more so considering that 2023 is expected to be, globally, the hottest year on record.

According to the National Institute of Meteorology, the average temperature in Brazil is also breaking record after

record. The months of July, August, September and October were the hottest since the beginning of the measurements. The

16 expectation is that the extreme temperatures observed particularly this week across the country will also break all records.

Researchers consider a heat wave a period of at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature

surpasses at least 10% of what is considered extreme compared with the reference period.

19 Not only are the heat waves increasing in the country, but also the temperature. “We identified a tendency for

maximum temperatures to rise with a very significant warning. Between 2011 and 2020, all the Brazilian regions recorded a

rise in temperatures over 1.5 ºC, that is, higher than what was established by the Paris Agreement,” explained Lincoln Alves,

22 the researcher at Inpe who coordinated data collection.

He was referring to the commitment signed by almost all the countries in 2015, during the UN Climate Summit,

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the world’s average temperature rise over 1.5 ºC compared to the

25 pre-industrial period.

In some parts of the world, particularly in the northeast and central areas, the maximum temperatures between

2011 and 2020 were 3 ºC above the measurements recorded for the reference period.

28 According to the analysis, in the reference period (from 1961 to 1990), the average maximum temperature for the

region used to be 30.7 ºC. It rose to 31.2 ºC between 1991 and 2000, then 31.6 °C between 2001 and 2010, and jumped

to 32.2 ºC between 2011 and 2020.

31 The data will be used to develop an adaptation strategy in Brazil as part of the Climate Plan, which is being prepared

by the federal government. With this information, the idea is to analyze the possible impacts and vulnerabilities and find

ways to adapt cities and regions to the new reality.

Internet: <www.brasildefato.com.br> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for the items from 31 to 40.

Heat waves: Brazil surpasses 50 days per year of high temperatures

1 The intense heat wave Brazil faces this week, with temperatures over 40 ºC in many parts of the country, isn’t a rare

event anymore. In the last decade, the occurrence of extreme hot periods has increased, and the number of days in which

we face heat waves has surpassed the average of 50 per year.

4 That is what shows an analysis by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe, in Portuguese) presented on

Monday (13), which considered some changes in Brazil during the last 60 years due to global warming.

According to the survey, between 1961 and 1990 – the reference period for the study – the number of days with

7 heat waves did not surpass the average of seven per year. With the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the

global average temperature, they jumped to 20 days from 1991 to 2000, then 40 days in the next decade and reached an

average of 52 days between 2011 and 2020.

10 The increase in the duration of heat waves was identified across the country, but was more pronounced in the North

and Northeast regions.

The analysis did not consider indicators of the last three years. However, the tendency is for this increase to

13 continue – even more so considering that 2023 is expected to be, globally, the hottest year on record.

According to the National Institute of Meteorology, the average temperature in Brazil is also breaking record after

record. The months of July, August, September and October were the hottest since the beginning of the measurements. The

16 expectation is that the extreme temperatures observed particularly this week across the country will also break all records.

Researchers consider a heat wave a period of at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature

surpasses at least 10% of what is considered extreme compared with the reference period.

19 Not only are the heat waves increasing in the country, but also the temperature. “We identified a tendency for

maximum temperatures to rise with a very significant warning. Between 2011 and 2020, all the Brazilian regions recorded a

rise in temperatures over 1.5 ºC, that is, higher than what was established by the Paris Agreement,” explained Lincoln Alves,

22 the researcher at Inpe who coordinated data collection.

He was referring to the commitment signed by almost all the countries in 2015, during the UN Climate Summit,

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the world’s average temperature rise over 1.5 ºC compared to the

25 pre-industrial period.

In some parts of the world, particularly in the northeast and central areas, the maximum temperatures between

2011 and 2020 were 3 ºC above the measurements recorded for the reference period.

28 According to the analysis, in the reference period (from 1961 to 1990), the average maximum temperature for the

region used to be 30.7 ºC. It rose to 31.2 ºC between 1991 and 2000, then 31.6 °C between 2001 and 2010, and jumped

to 32.2 ºC between 2011 and 2020.

31 The data will be used to develop an adaptation strategy in Brazil as part of the Climate Plan, which is being prepared

by the federal government. With this information, the idea is to analyze the possible impacts and vulnerabilities and find

ways to adapt cities and regions to the new reality.

Internet: <www.brasildefato.com.br> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for the items from 31 to 40.

Heat waves: Brazil surpasses 50 days per year of high temperatures

1 The intense heat wave Brazil faces this week, with temperatures over 40 ºC in many parts of the country, isn’t a rare

event anymore. In the last decade, the occurrence of extreme hot periods has increased, and the number of days in which

we face heat waves has surpassed the average of 50 per year.

4 That is what shows an analysis by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe, in Portuguese) presented on

Monday (13), which considered some changes in Brazil during the last 60 years due to global warming.

According to the survey, between 1961 and 1990 – the reference period for the study – the number of days with

7 heat waves did not surpass the average of seven per year. With the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the

global average temperature, they jumped to 20 days from 1991 to 2000, then 40 days in the next decade and reached an

average of 52 days between 2011 and 2020.

10 The increase in the duration of heat waves was identified across the country, but was more pronounced in the North

and Northeast regions.

The analysis did not consider indicators of the last three years. However, the tendency is for this increase to

13 continue – even more so considering that 2023 is expected to be, globally, the hottest year on record.

According to the National Institute of Meteorology, the average temperature in Brazil is also breaking record after

record. The months of July, August, September and October were the hottest since the beginning of the measurements. The

16 expectation is that the extreme temperatures observed particularly this week across the country will also break all records.

Researchers consider a heat wave a period of at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature

surpasses at least 10% of what is considered extreme compared with the reference period.

19 Not only are the heat waves increasing in the country, but also the temperature. “We identified a tendency for

maximum temperatures to rise with a very significant warning. Between 2011 and 2020, all the Brazilian regions recorded a

rise in temperatures over 1.5 ºC, that is, higher than what was established by the Paris Agreement,” explained Lincoln Alves,

22 the researcher at Inpe who coordinated data collection.

He was referring to the commitment signed by almost all the countries in 2015, during the UN Climate Summit,

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the world’s average temperature rise over 1.5 ºC compared to the

25 pre-industrial period.

In some parts of the world, particularly in the northeast and central areas, the maximum temperatures between

2011 and 2020 were 3 ºC above the measurements recorded for the reference period.

28 According to the analysis, in the reference period (from 1961 to 1990), the average maximum temperature for the

region used to be 30.7 ºC. It rose to 31.2 ºC between 1991 and 2000, then 31.6 °C between 2001 and 2010, and jumped

to 32.2 ºC between 2011 and 2020.

31 The data will be used to develop an adaptation strategy in Brazil as part of the Climate Plan, which is being prepared

by the federal government. With this information, the idea is to analyze the possible impacts and vulnerabilities and find

ways to adapt cities and regions to the new reality.

Internet: <www.brasildefato.com.br> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for the items from 31 to 40.

Heat waves: Brazil surpasses 50 days per year of high temperatures

1 The intense heat wave Brazil faces this week, with temperatures over 40 ºC in many parts of the country, isn’t a rare

event anymore. In the last decade, the occurrence of extreme hot periods has increased, and the number of days in which

we face heat waves has surpassed the average of 50 per year.

4 That is what shows an analysis by the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe, in Portuguese) presented on

Monday (13), which considered some changes in Brazil during the last 60 years due to global warming.

According to the survey, between 1961 and 1990 – the reference period for the study – the number of days with

7 heat waves did not surpass the average of seven per year. With the rise in greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the

global average temperature, they jumped to 20 days from 1991 to 2000, then 40 days in the next decade and reached an

average of 52 days between 2011 and 2020.

10 The increase in the duration of heat waves was identified across the country, but was more pronounced in the North

and Northeast regions.

The analysis did not consider indicators of the last three years. However, the tendency is for this increase to

13 continue – even more so considering that 2023 is expected to be, globally, the hottest year on record.

According to the National Institute of Meteorology, the average temperature in Brazil is also breaking record after

record. The months of July, August, September and October were the hottest since the beginning of the measurements. The

16 expectation is that the extreme temperatures observed particularly this week across the country will also break all records.

Researchers consider a heat wave a period of at least six consecutive days in which the maximum temperature

surpasses at least 10% of what is considered extreme compared with the reference period.

19 Not only are the heat waves increasing in the country, but also the temperature. “We identified a tendency for

maximum temperatures to rise with a very significant warning. Between 2011 and 2020, all the Brazilian regions recorded a

rise in temperatures over 1.5 ºC, that is, higher than what was established by the Paris Agreement,” explained Lincoln Alves,

22 the researcher at Inpe who coordinated data collection.

He was referring to the commitment signed by almost all the countries in 2015, during the UN Climate Summit,

aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to prevent the world’s average temperature rise over 1.5 ºC compared to the

25 pre-industrial period.

In some parts of the world, particularly in the northeast and central areas, the maximum temperatures between

2011 and 2020 were 3 ºC above the measurements recorded for the reference period.

28 According to the analysis, in the reference period (from 1961 to 1990), the average maximum temperature for the

region used to be 30.7 ºC. It rose to 31.2 ºC between 1991 and 2000, then 31.6 °C between 2001 and 2010, and jumped

to 32.2 ºC between 2011 and 2020.

31 The data will be used to develop an adaptation strategy in Brazil as part of the Climate Plan, which is being prepared

by the federal government. With this information, the idea is to analyze the possible impacts and vulnerabilities and find

ways to adapt cities and regions to the new reality.

Internet: <www.brasildefato.com.br> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for items from 31 to 40.

1 By releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,

humans are rapidly altering the chemistry of the ocean

and affecting marine life. The acidity of the ocean has

4 increased by about 25% since before the Industrial

Revolution, greater than any other time within the last

two million years. Given the speed at which humans are

7 altering ocean chemistry, marine plants and animals may

not have time to adapt or migrate as they did in the past.

Because of acidification, marine life faces a

10 two-fold challenge: decreased carbonate availability and

increased acidity. Laboratory studies suggest changing

ocean chemistry will 1) harm life forms that rely on

13 carbonate-based shells and skeletons, 2) harm organisms

sensitive to acidity and 3) harm organisms higher up

the food chain that feed on these sensitive organisms.

16 However, we do not yet know exactly how ecosystems

will be impacted.

Internet: <www.epa.gov> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for items from 31 to 40.

1 By releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,

humans are rapidly altering the chemistry of the ocean

and affecting marine life. The acidity of the ocean has

4 increased by about 25% since before the Industrial

Revolution, greater than any other time within the last

two million years. Given the speed at which humans are

7 altering ocean chemistry, marine plants and animals may

not have time to adapt or migrate as they did in the past.

Because of acidification, marine life faces a

10 two-fold challenge: decreased carbonate availability and

increased acidity. Laboratory studies suggest changing

ocean chemistry will 1) harm life forms that rely on

13 carbonate-based shells and skeletons, 2) harm organisms

sensitive to acidity and 3) harm organisms higher up

the food chain that feed on these sensitive organisms.

16 However, we do not yet know exactly how ecosystems

will be impacted.

Internet: <www.epa.gov> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for items from 31 to 40.

1 By releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,

humans are rapidly altering the chemistry of the ocean

and affecting marine life. The acidity of the ocean has

4 increased by about 25% since before the Industrial

Revolution, greater than any other time within the last

two million years. Given the speed at which humans are

7 altering ocean chemistry, marine plants and animals may

not have time to adapt or migrate as they did in the past.

Because of acidification, marine life faces a

10 two-fold challenge: decreased carbonate availability and

increased acidity. Laboratory studies suggest changing

ocean chemistry will 1) harm life forms that rely on

13 carbonate-based shells and skeletons, 2) harm organisms

sensitive to acidity and 3) harm organisms higher up

the food chain that feed on these sensitive organisms.

16 However, we do not yet know exactly how ecosystems

will be impacted.

Internet: <www.epa.gov> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.

Text for items from 31 to 40.

1 By releasing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere,

humans are rapidly altering the chemistry of the ocean

and affecting marine life. The acidity of the ocean has

4 increased by about 25% since before the Industrial

Revolution, greater than any other time within the last

two million years. Given the speed at which humans are

7 altering ocean chemistry, marine plants and animals may

not have time to adapt or migrate as they did in the past.

Because of acidification, marine life faces a

10 two-fold challenge: decreased carbonate availability and

increased acidity. Laboratory studies suggest changing

ocean chemistry will 1) harm life forms that rely on

13 carbonate-based shells and skeletons, 2) harm organisms

sensitive to acidity and 3) harm organisms higher up

the food chain that feed on these sensitive organisms.

16 However, we do not yet know exactly how ecosystems

will be impacted.

Internet: <www.epa.gov> (with adaptations).

According to the text, judge the items from 31 to 40.