According to Lourdes Ortega (2011), there are different approaches to explaining variability of L2 learning across individuals. The following excerpt is related to a critical approach:

“As Norton and Toohey (2001) explain, in this perspective constructs such as motivation, aptitude, and other individual differences are reconceptualized as stemming from the interplay between people’s understanding of themselves in the world and the constraints, material and symbolic, that their worlds afford them. These understandings are dialectically shaped by the hopes and aspirations of individuals and by the power structures of the societal milieus that they inhabit”

ORTEGA, 2011, p. 179. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics.

London: Routledge, 2011).

Which statement best exemplifies the critical perspective in language learning?

Different teaching approaches confer distinct roles to language teachers. Make the correct association between numbers and letters, relating the type of teaching approach and its example.

1. Knowledge Transmission

2. Constructivism

3. Socioculturalism

A) Practices linked to this approach involve students actively engaging through experimentation, problem-solving, and discussions. They are also encouraged to reflect on these experiences by discussing their actions and the insights they gained.

B) Teachers are viewed as responsible for conveying their knowledge to students. A knowledgeable teacher’s structured presentation of information can assist students in comprehending and retaining what has been taught.

C) More skilled peers (and teachers) support or "scaffold" learners, providing a socially focused justification for interactive and collaborative work in pairs and groups.

What is the correct association between numbers and letters?

According to Lawrence Zhang (In: RENANDYA & WIDODO, 2016), three key factors influence the success of reading: (1) the features of the text, (2) the traits of the reader, and (3) the social context. This applies to both first and second language contexts. With this information in mind, mark T for True statements and F for False ones.

( ) Text characteristic is an important variable which affects the reading process. Narrative and expository texts, for example, have very similar organizational structures and linguistic features.

( ) Different readers engage with the same text in varied ways due to their unique individual traits. Given these diverse factors, teachers should consider such differences when creating lesson plans for reading activities.

( ) Readers interpret meaning based on their cultural models and knowledge. While these sociocultural frameworks can enhance understanding if used effectively, they may also hinder comprehension if they distort the process.

The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is

Regarding the teaching of foreign languages in the era of cyberculture, Leffa (2016) presents four challenges for teachers. Make the correct association between numbers and letters, relating the type of challenge and its meaning.

1. Generation of knowledge

2. Encouragement of collective intelligence

3. Development of planetary consciousness

4. Re-literacy

A. The challenge for the teacher is to find the balance between preserving our individuality and accepting the diversity of others.

B. The teacher must have a good level of proficiency in not only the mediation processes through which access to knowledge is given, but also the social practice implicit in this knowledge.

C. Society needs new knowledge to face the countless challenges of everyday life and the teacher is the professional who, par excellence, is able to meet this need.

D. There are cross-cutting themes and tasks that can only be performed by bringing together the knowledge of different people and areas of knowledge.

What is the correct association between numbers and letters?

According to Leffa and Guimarães and Silva (In: SILVA & DIAS, 2020), the teaching of English in Integrated High School with Technical Education in the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology has its own particularities.

Select the statement that best elucidates its objective:

According to Alves (et al., 2020), considering teaching pronunciation in English as a Foreign Language class, mark T for True statements and F for False ones.

( ) Learners have more difficulty learning sounds that are phonetically closer, because they tend not to perceive them as different.

( ) The goal of learning pronunciation is to teach learners to speak like native speakers.

( ) It is important to highlight specific differences in the vowel systems of the native language and the target language in order to avoid intelligibility problems in communication.

( ) Students need resources to be able to understand speakers with different profiles, as well as to make their speech more intelligible.

The correct sequence of True and False statements, from top to bottom, is

Celse-Murcia (2013) presents six principles related to a specific teaching methodology. Read the principles below:

I. The point of departure for developing courses and materials is the development of an inventory of learner needs rather than an inventory of phonological, lexical and grammatical items.

II. Learners develop the ability to communicate in a language through using the language rather than studying and memorizing bits of the linguistic system.

III. Learners' own personal experiences are central to the learning process.

IV. There is a focus on learning processes and strategies as well as on language content.

V. Classroom language learning is systematically linked to learning outside the classroom.

VI. Learners are exposed to authentic listening and reading texts.

According to the author, the statements above refer to the methodology known as

The role of vocabulary in L2 Instruction has changed over time. There are 6 historical approaches to vocabulary learning, according to Celse-Murcia (2013), which are:

Read the following excerpt:

“ELF is now the most common use of English in the world (Jenkins 2007), so a study of its linguistic features and the ways it allows people to achieve successful intercultural communication offers insights about international communication and also guidelines for English language teaching. (...) Although ELF shares some grammatical and phonological features with New Englishes (Deterding and Kirkpatrick 2006), ELF speakers generally avoid the use of local lexis and idioms (Kirkpatrick 2007b). This is a key distinction between World Englishes and ELF, as one fundamental role of World Englishes lies in their ability to reflect local phenomena and cultural values, often through the use of borrowings from local languages. In contrast, this is avoided in ELF communication, where the fundamental role is to facilitate cross-cultural communication”

Kirkpatrick and Deterding, p. 382. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied

Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011.)

In relation to New Englishes and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), it is correct to state that

Read the following excerpt about the Communicative Methodology:

“This redefinition of goals had a knock-on effect in terms of methodology: the focus on communicating messages – as opposed to rehearsing structural patterns – created the need for activities that encouraged some kind of meaningful exchange, as in information- gap tasks, and, in order to practice functional language, role plays and simulations became standard practice. And since communicative competence implies the capacity to communicate one’s meanings irrespective of formal accuracy, fluency was prioritized, reinforcing the trend towards incorporating less-controlled production activities within the PPP format. For similar reasons, the use of authentic reading and listening materials was promoted, and classroom procedures for minimizing the difficulties of these – such as the use of skimming and scanning strategies – became commonplace “

THORNBURY, 2011, p. 188-189. In: SIMPSON, J. (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Applied

Linguistics. London: Routledge, 2011.

Which statement best exemplifies this methodology in language learning?