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Texto 3
Twelve years after the first Morse Code signal had been successfully transmitted across the Atlantic, an American inventor named Lee de Forest appeared in a US court charged with fraud. The case against him was that he had been selling shares in his Radio Telephone Company.
Putting his case before the jury, the prosecutor explained, 'De Forest has said in many newspapers and over his signature that it would be possible to transmit the human voice across the Atlantic before many years. Based on these absurd and deliberately misleading statements, the misguided public has been persuaded to purchase stocks in his company'.
Two years later, the first direct transatlantic speech relay by radio telephone was made. As for Lee de Forest, he patented more than 300 inventions and became known in America as the ‘father of radio’.
In: I wish I’d never said that, Oxford, Past Times, 2001, p. 61.
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Texto 3
Twelve years after the first Morse Code signal had been successfully transmitted across the Atlantic, an American inventor named Lee de Forest appeared in a US court charged with fraud. The case against him was that he had been selling shares in his Radio Telephone Company.
Putting his case before the jury, the prosecutor explained, 'De Forest has said in many newspapers and over his signature that it would be possible to transmit the human voice across the Atlantic before many years. Based on these absurd and deliberately misleading statements, the misguided public has been persuaded to purchase stocks in his company'.
Two years later, the first direct transatlantic speech relay by radio telephone was made. As for Lee de Forest, he patented more than 300 inventions and became known in America as the ‘father of radio’.
In: I wish I’d never said that, Oxford, Past Times, 2001, p. 61.
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Texto 2
COULD EARTH BE FRIED BY A ‘SUPERFLARE’ FROM THE SUN?
Daniel Clery
Solar flares on the sun frequently shower Earth with high-energy particles causing the Aurora Borealis and, occasionally, less-welcome disruptions to power networks and communications. But researchers say that there is a chance—though small—that the sun could one day blast us with a solar flare thousands of times as powerful, potentially frying our atmosphere and obliterating life. Other stars occasionally produce such “superflares,” some up to 10,000 times the power of the largest solar flare ever detected. To see whether these are generated by the same process as happens on the sun—the breaking and reconnection of magnetic fields—astronomers studied light from 100,000 stars using China’s Guo Shouiing Telescope. As they report online in Nature Communications, superflares do seem to be produced by the same process, but they usually occur in stars with much stronger magnetic fields than the sun’s. Still, the researchers found that about 10% of the superflaring stars had magnetic fields similar to or weaker than the sun’s. From evidence in tree rings, the researchers say, it looks like Earth suffered small superflares—10 to 100 times bigger than normal—in 775 C.E. and 993 C.E. We can expect more, they conclude, once per millennium. (As for the chances of an Earth-frying flare, they don’t say.) So, back up your data and stock up on candles.
C.E. = Common Era, the same as A.D., Anno Domini.
CLERY, D. Could earth be fried by a ‘superflare’ from the sun?. In: Science, AAAS, 2016. Disponível em: <http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/could-earth-be-fried-superflare-sun>. Acesso em: 15/06/2016.
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Texto 2
COULD EARTH BE FRIED BY A ‘SUPERFLARE’ FROM THE SUN?
Daniel Clery
Solar flares on the sun frequently shower Earth with high-energy particles causing the Aurora Borealis and, occasionally, less-welcome disruptions to power networks and communications. But researchers say that there is a chance—though small—that the sun could one day blast us with a solar flare thousands of times as powerful, potentially frying our atmosphere and obliterating life. Other stars occasionally produce such “superflares,” some up to 10,000 times the power of the largest solar flare ever detected. To see whether these are generated by the same process as happens on the sun—the breaking and reconnection of magnetic fields—astronomers studied light from 100,000 stars using China’s Guo Shouiing Telescope. As they report online in Nature Communications, superflares do seem to be produced by the same process, but they usually occur in stars with much stronger magnetic fields than the sun’s. Still, the researchers found that about 10% of the superflaring stars had magnetic fields similar to or weaker than the sun’s. From evidence in tree rings, the researchers say, it looks like Earth suffered small superflares—10 to 100 times bigger than normal—in 775 C.E. and 993 C.E. We can expect more, they conclude, once per millennium. (As for the chances of an Earth-frying flare, they don’t say.) So, back up your data and stock up on candles.
C.E. = Common Era, the same as A.D., Anno Domini.
CLERY, D. Could earth be fried by a ‘superflare’ from the sun?. In: Science, AAAS, 2016. Disponível em: <http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/could-earth-be-fried-superflare-sun>. Acesso em: 15/06/2016.
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Texto 2
COULD EARTH BE FRIED BY A ‘SUPERFLARE’ FROM THE SUN?
Daniel Clery
Solar flares on the sun frequently shower Earth with high-energy particles causing the Aurora Borealis and, occasionally, less-welcome disruptions to power networks and communications. But researchers say that there is a chance—though small—that the sun could one day blast us with a solar flare thousands of times as powerful, potentially frying our atmosphere and obliterating life. Other stars occasionally produce such “superflares,” some up to 10,000 times the power of the largest solar flare ever detected. To see whether these are generated by the same process as happens on the sun—the breaking and reconnection of magnetic fields—astronomers studied light from 100,000 stars using China’s Guo Shouiing Telescope. As they report online in Nature Communications, superflares do seem to be produced by the same process, but they usually occur in stars with much stronger magnetic fields than the sun’s. Still, the researchers found that about 10% of the superflaring stars had magnetic fields similar to or weaker than the sun’s. From evidence in tree rings, the researchers say, it looks like Earth suffered small superflares—10 to 100 times bigger than normal—in 775 C.E. and 993 C.E. We can expect more, they conclude, once per millennium. (As for the chances of an Earth-frying flare, they don’t say.) So, back up your data and stock up on candles.
C.E. = Common Era, the same as A.D., Anno Domini.
CLERY, D. Could earth be fried by a ‘superflare’ from the sun?. In: Science, AAAS, 2016.
Disponível em: <http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/could-earth-be-fried-superflare-sun>.
Acesso em: 15/06/2016.
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Texto 1
LANDFILLS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN WASTE
Waste disposal on land (dumping) and landfilling remain the most prominent waste management techniques used . The standards and practices for this type of waste disposal vary greatly ranging from uncontrolled sites to highly specialised and controlled engineered landfills. The potential of contaminants through landfill gas and leachate is largely dependent on landfill design, site conditions and the sophistication of the control measures in place, including landfill gas recovery and leachate collection and treatment systems.
Modern engineered landfills use synthetic barriers, with few relying on natural barriers, to line the bottom of a landfill and incorporate collection systems for both leachate and landfill gas. The purpose of these collection systems is to capture and treat leachate and landfill gas; thereby preventing the migration of leachate into ground/surface water and the release of untreated landfill gases to the atmosphere. An un-engineered landfill would be considered an uncontrolled systemdue to the lack of environmental controls, potentially resulting in significant environmental exposure of contaminants.
Because of widespread use of ENMs in a broad range of products, it is possible that some ENMs could be released through landfill gases; however this report will primarily focus on ENMs that may be present in landfill leachate, as this is considered to be the primary means by which ENMs could be transported out of a landfill. Characterisation of landfill gases to identify the presence of ENMs should be considered an important area for further research.
Landfill leachate is generated when rain passes through the waste mass and by the liquid generated due to the breakdown of waste within the landfill. The composition of leachate is extremely variable depending on the type of waste landfilled, the quantity of precipitation, the construction and operation of the landfill, the age of the landfill and other factors such as pH, temperature and microbial populations.
(…)
ENMs = engineered nanomaterials.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste. In: Landfilling of waste containing nanomaterials and nanowaste, 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ publicdisplaydocumentpdf/? cote=ENV/EPOC/WPRPW(2014)5/FINAL&docLanguage=En>. Acesso em: 22/04/2015.
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Texto 1
LANDFILLS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN WASTE
Waste disposal on land (dumping) and landfilling remain the most prominent waste management techniques used . The standards and practices for this type of waste disposal vary greatly ranging from uncontrolled sites to highly specialised and controlled engineered landfills. The potential of contaminants through landfill gas and leachate is largely dependent on landfill design, site conditions and the sophistication of the control measures in place, including landfill gas recovery and leachate collection and treatment systems.
Modern engineered landfills use synthetic barriers, with few relying on natural barriers, to line the bottom of a landfill and incorporate collection systems for both leachate and landfill gas. The purpose of these collection systems is to capture and treat leachate and landfill gas; thereby preventing the migration of leachate into ground/surface water and the release of untreated landfill gases to the atmosphere. An un-engineered landfill would be considered an uncontrolled systemdue to the lack of environmental controls, potentially resulting in significant environmental exposure of contaminants.
Because of widespread use of ENMs in a broad range of products, it is possible that some ENMs could be released through landfill gases; however this report will primarily focus on ENMs that may be present in landfill leachate, as this is considered to be the primary means by which ENMs could be transported out of a landfill. Characterisation of landfill gases to identify the presence of ENMs should be considered an important area for further research.
Landfill leachate is generated when rain passes through the waste mass and by the liquid generated due to the breakdown of waste within the landfill. The composition of leachate is extremely depending on the type of waste landfilled, the quantity of precipitation, the construction and operation of the landfill, the age of the landfill and other factors such as pH, temperature and microbial populations.
(…)
ENMs = engineered nanomaterials.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste. In: Landfilling of waste containing nanomaterials and nanowaste, 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ publicdisplaydocumentpdf/? cote=ENV/EPOC/WPRPW(2014)5/FINAL&docLanguage=En>. Acesso em: 22/04/2015.
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Texto 1
LANDFILLS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN WASTE
Waste disposal on land (dumping) and landfilling remain the most prominent waste management techniques used . The standards and practices for this type of waste disposal vary greatly ranging from uncontrolled sites to highly specialised and controlled engineered landfills. The potential of contaminants through landfill gas and leachate is largely dependent on landfill design, site conditions and the sophistication of the control measures in place, including landfill gas recovery and leachate collection and treatment systems.
Modern engineered landfills use synthetic barriers, with few relying on natural barriers, to line the bottom of a landfill and incorporate collection systems for both leachate and landfill gas. The purpose of these collection systems is to capture and treat leachate and landfill gas; thereby preventing the migration of leachate into ground/surface water and the release of untreated landfill gases to the atmosphere. An un-engineered landfill would be considered an uncontrolled systemdue to the lack of environmental controls, potentially resulting in significant environmental exposure of contaminants.
Because of widespread use of ENMs in a broad range of products, it is possible that some ENMs could be released through landfill gases; however this report will primarily focus on ENMs that may be present in landfill leachate, as this is considered to be the primary means by which ENMs could be transported out of a landfill. Characterisation of landfill gases to identify the presence of ENMs should be considered an important area for further research.
Landfill leachate is generated when rain passes through the waste mass and by the liquid generated due to the breakdown of waste the landfill. The composition of leachate is extremely depending on the type of waste landfilled, the quantity of precipitation, the construction and operation of the landfill, the age of the landfill and other factors such as pH, temperature and microbial populations.
(…)
ENMs = engineered nanomaterials.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste. In: Landfilling of waste containing nanomaterials and nanowaste, 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ publicdisplaydocumentpdf/? cote=ENV/EPOC/WPRPW(2014)5/FINAL&docLanguage=En>. Acesso em: 22/04/2015.
Provas
Texto 1
LANDFILLS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN WASTE
Waste disposal on land (dumping) and landfilling remain the most prominent waste management techniques used . The standards and practices for this type of waste disposal vary greatly ranging from uncontrolled sites to highly specialised and controlled engineered landfills. The potential of contaminants through landfill gas and leachate is largely dependent on landfill design, site conditions and the sophistication of the control measures in place, including landfill gas recovery and leachate collection and treatment systems.
Modern engineered landfills use synthetic barriers, with few relying on natural barriers, to line the bottom of a landfill and incorporate collection systems for both leachate and landfill gas. The purpose of these collection systems is to capture and treat leachate and landfill gas; thereby preventing the migration of leachate into ground/surface water and the release of untreated landfill gases to the atmosphere. An un-engineered landfill would be considered an uncontrolled systemdue to the lack of environmental controls, potentially resulting in significant environmental exposure of contaminants.
Because of widespread use of ENMs in a broad range of products, it is possible that some ENMs could be released through landfill gases; however this report will primarily focus on ENMs that may be present in landfill leachate, as this is considered to be the primary means by which ENMs could be transported out of a landfill. Characterisation of landfill gases to identify the presence of ENMs an important area for further research.
Landfill leachate is generated when rain passes through the waste mass and by the liquid generated due to the breakdown of waste the landfill. The composition of leachate is extremely depending on the type of waste landfilled, the quantity of precipitation, the construction and operation of the landfill, the age of the landfill and other factors such as pH, temperature and microbial populations.
(…)
ENMs = engineered nanomaterials.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste. In: Landfilling of waste containing nanomaterials and nanowaste, 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ publicdisplaydocumentpdf/? cote=ENV/EPOC/WPRPW(2014)5/FINAL&docLanguage=En>. Acesso em: 22/04/2015.
Provas
Texto 1
LANDFILLS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NANOMATERIALS IN WASTE
Waste disposal on land (dumping) and landfilling remain the most prominent waste management techniques used . The standards and practices for this type of waste disposal vary greatly ranging from uncontrolled sites to highly specialised and controlled engineered landfills. The potential of contaminants through landfill gas and leachate is largely dependent on landfill design, site conditions and the sophistication of the control measures in place, including landfill gas recovery and leachate collection and treatment systems.
Modern engineered landfills use synthetic barriers, with few relying on natural barriers, to line the bottom of a landfill and incorporate collection systems for both leachate and landfill gas. The purpose of these collection systems is to capture and treat leachate and landfill gas; thereby preventing the migration of leachate into ground/surface water and the release of untreated landfill gases to the atmosphere. An un-engineered landfill would be considered an uncontrolled systemdue to the lack of environmental controls, potentially resulting in significant environmental exposure of contaminants.
Because of widespread use of ENMs in a broad range of products, it is possible that some ENMs could be released through landfill gases; however this report will primarily focus on ENMs that may be present in landfill leachate, as this is considered to be the primary means by which ENMs could be transported a landfill. Characterisation of landfill gases to identify the presence of ENMs an important area for further research.
Landfill leachate is generated when rain passes through the waste mass and by the liquid generated due to the breakdown of waste the landfill. The composition of leachate is extremely depending on the type of waste landfilled, the quantity of precipitation, the construction and operation of the landfill, the age of the landfill and other factors such as pH, temperature and microbial populations.
(…)
ENMs = engineered nanomaterials.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste. In: Landfilling of waste containing nanomaterials and nanowaste, 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ publicdisplaydocumentpdf/? cote=ENV/EPOC/WPRPW(2014)5/FINAL&docLanguage=En>. Acesso em: 22/04/2015.
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