Text 7 to answer question.

Act III
Scene III
A Room in the Castle

KING CLAUDIUS

Thanks, dear my lord.

[Exit POLONIUS]

O, my ofence is rank it smells to heaven;
It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t,

A brother’s murder. Pray can I not,
Though inclination be as sharp as will:
My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent;
And, like a man to double business bound,
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect. What if this cursed hand
Were thicker than itself with brother’s blood,
Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens
To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy
But to confront the visage of offence?
And what’s in prayer but this two-fold force,
To be forestalled ere we come to fall,
Or pardon’d being down? Then I’ll look up;
My fault is past. But, O, what form of prayer
Can serve my turn? ‘Forgive me my foul murder’?
[...].
Art more engaged! Help, angels! Make assay!
Bow, stubborn knees; and, heart with strings of steel,
Be soft as sinews of the newborn babe!
All may be well.

Retires and kneels
[Enter HAMLET]
HAMLET

Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
And now I’ll do’t. And so he goes to heaven;
And so am I revenged. That would be scann’d:
A villain kills my father; and for that,
I, his sole son, do this same villain send
To heaven.

O, this is hire and salary, not revenge.

He took my father grossly, full of bread;
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May;
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven?
But in our circumstance and course of thought,
‘Tis heavy with him: and am I then revenged,
To take him in the purging of his soul,
[...].

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Green World Classics, 2017, p. 114-115, with adaptations

Considering the ideas of the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

The phrase “And so am I revenged” refers to an action that has been fulfilled.

Text 7 to answer question.

Act III
Scene III
A Room in the Castle

KING CLAUDIUS

Thanks, dear my lord.

[Exit POLONIUS]

O, my ofence is rank it smells to heaven;
It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t,

A brother’s murder. Pray can I not,
Though inclination be as sharp as will:
My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent;
And, like a man to double business bound,
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect. What if this cursed hand
Were thicker than itself with brother’s blood,
Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens
To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy
But to confront the visage of offence?
And what’s in prayer but this two-fold force,
To be forestalled ere we come to fall,
Or pardon’d being down? Then I’ll look up;
My fault is past. But, O, what form of prayer
Can serve my turn? ‘Forgive me my foul murder’?
[...].
Art more engaged! Help, angels! Make assay!
Bow, stubborn knees; and, heart with strings of steel,
Be soft as sinews of the newborn babe!
All may be well.

Retires and kneels
[Enter HAMLET]
HAMLET

Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
And now I’ll do’t. And so he goes to heaven;
And so am I revenged. That would be scann’d:
A villain kills my father; and for that,
I, his sole son, do this same villain send
To heaven.

O, this is hire and salary, not revenge.

He took my father grossly, full of bread;
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May;
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven?
But in our circumstance and course of thought,
‘Tis heavy with him: and am I then revenged,
To take him in the purging of his soul,
[...].

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Green World Classics, 2017, p. 114-115, with adaptations

Considering the ideas of the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

The word “might” can be correctly replaced with the modal verb could.

Text 7 to answer question.

Act III
Scene III
A Room in the Castle

KING CLAUDIUS

Thanks, dear my lord.

[Exit POLONIUS]

O, my ofence is rank it smells to heaven;
It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t,

A brother’s murder. Pray can I not,
Though inclination be as sharp as will:
My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent;
And, like a man to double business bound,
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect. What if this cursed hand
Were thicker than itself with brother’s blood,
Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens
To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy
But to confront the visage of offence?
And what’s in prayer but this two-fold force,
To be forestalled ere we come to fall,
Or pardon’d being down? Then I’ll look up;
My fault is past. But, O, what form of prayer
Can serve my turn? ‘Forgive me my foul murder’?
[...].
Art more engaged! Help, angels! Make assay!
Bow, stubborn knees; and, heart with strings of steel,
Be soft as sinews of the newborn babe!
All may be well.

Retires and kneels
[Enter HAMLET]
HAMLET

Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
And now I’ll do’t. And so he goes to heaven;
And so am I revenged. That would be scann’d:
A villain kills my father; and for that,
I, his sole son, do this same villain send
To heaven.

O, this is hire and salary, not revenge.

He took my father grossly, full of bread;
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May;
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven?
But in our circumstance and course of thought,
‘Tis heavy with him: and am I then revenged,
To take him in the purging of his soul,
[...].

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Green World Classics, 2017, p. 114-115, with adaptations

Regarding the vocabulary of the text, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

The word “forestalled” could be replaced by prevented without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Text 7 to answer question.

Act III
Scene III
A Room in the Castle

KING CLAUDIUS

Thanks, dear my lord.

[Exit POLONIUS]

O, my ofence is rank it smells to heaven;
It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t,

A brother’s murder. Pray can I not,
Though inclination be as sharp as will:
My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent;
And, like a man to double business bound,
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect. What if this cursed hand
Were thicker than itself with brother’s blood,
Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens
To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy
But to confront the visage of offence?
And what’s in prayer but this two-fold force,
To be forestalled ere we come to fall,
Or pardon’d being down? Then I’ll look up;
My fault is past. But, O, what form of prayer
Can serve my turn? ‘Forgive me my foul murder’?
[...].
Art more engaged! Help, angels! Make assay!
Bow, stubborn knees; and, heart with strings of steel,
Be soft as sinews of the newborn babe!
All may be well.

Retires and kneels
[Enter HAMLET]
HAMLET

Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
And now I’ll do’t. And so he goes to heaven;
And so am I revenged. That would be scann’d:
A villain kills my father; and for that,
I, his sole son, do this same villain send
To heaven.

O, this is hire and salary, not revenge.

He took my father grossly, full of bread;
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May;
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven?
But in our circumstance and course of thought,
‘Tis heavy with him: and am I then revenged,
To take him in the purging of his soul,
[...].

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Green World Classics, 2017, p. 114-115, with adaptations

Regarding the vocabulary of the text, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

The first speaker in the text is praying only for forgiveness.

Text 7 to answer question.

Act III
Scene III
A Room in the Castle

KING CLAUDIUS

Thanks, dear my lord.

[Exit POLONIUS]

O, my ofence is rank it smells to heaven;
It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t,

A brother’s murder. Pray can I not,
Though inclination be as sharp as will:
My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent;
And, like a man to double business bound,
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect. What if this cursed hand
Were thicker than itself with brother’s blood,
Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens
To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy
But to confront the visage of offence?
And what’s in prayer but this two-fold force,
To be forestalled ere we come to fall,
Or pardon’d being down? Then I’ll look up;
My fault is past. But, O, what form of prayer
Can serve my turn? ‘Forgive me my foul murder’?
[...].
Art more engaged! Help, angels! Make assay!
Bow, stubborn knees; and, heart with strings of steel,
Be soft as sinews of the newborn babe!
All may be well.

Retires and kneels
[Enter HAMLET]
HAMLET

Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
And now I’ll do’t. And so he goes to heaven;
And so am I revenged. That would be scann’d:
A villain kills my father; and for that,
I, his sole son, do this same villain send
To heaven.

O, this is hire and salary, not revenge.

He took my father grossly, full of bread;
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May;
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven?
But in our circumstance and course of thought,
‘Tis heavy with him: and am I then revenged,
To take him in the purging of his soul,
[...].

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Green World Classics, 2017, p. 114-115, with adaptations

Regarding the vocabulary of the text, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

The word “both” is used as a pronoun for the antecedent “double business bound” .

Text 7 to answer question.

Act III
Scene III
A Room in the Castle

KING CLAUDIUS

Thanks, dear my lord.

[Exit POLONIUS]

O, my ofence is rank it smells to heaven;
It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t,

A brother’s murder. Pray can I not,
Though inclination be as sharp as will:
My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent;
And, like a man to double business bound,
I stand in pause where I shall first begin,
And both neglect. What if this cursed hand
Were thicker than itself with brother’s blood,
Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens
To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy
But to confront the visage of offence?
And what’s in prayer but this two-fold force,
To be forestalled ere we come to fall,
Or pardon’d being down? Then I’ll look up;
My fault is past. But, O, what form of prayer
Can serve my turn? ‘Forgive me my foul murder’?
[...].
Art more engaged! Help, angels! Make assay!
Bow, stubborn knees; and, heart with strings of steel,
Be soft as sinews of the newborn babe!
All may be well.

Retires and kneels
[Enter HAMLET]
HAMLET

Now might I do it pat, now he is praying;
And now I’ll do’t. And so he goes to heaven;
And so am I revenged. That would be scann’d:
A villain kills my father; and for that,
I, his sole son, do this same villain send
To heaven.

O, this is hire and salary, not revenge.

He took my father grossly, full of bread;
With all his crimes broad blown, as flush as May;
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven?
But in our circumstance and course of thought,
‘Tis heavy with him: and am I then revenged,
To take him in the purging of his soul,
[...].

SHAKESPEARE, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Green World Classics, 2017, p. 114-115, with adaptations

Regarding the vocabulary of the text, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

The word “bound” could be replaced by constrained without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Text 6 to answer question.

“The advances achieved in Italy and its environs show that, in terms of cultural and economic development, Europe was already diverging from the rest of the world before the end of the fifteenth century. However, the decisive breakthrough that prefigured the age of European domination was not the Italian Renaissance so much as the Iberian age of exploration. Beginning in the reign of Henrique the Navigator (1415-60), sailors from Portugal began to venture further away from Europe—first southwards, following the West African coast, and then all the way across the Atlantic, Indian and finally the Pacific oceans. These extraordinarily ambitious and hazardous voyages created a network of new oceanic trade routes that would rapidly transform the global economy from a patchwork of regional markets into a single world market.

[…].

The Portuguese did not arrive with many products of their own to offer Asian consumers (though they did bring some slaves and gold from West African outposts). That was not the point. Nor did they come as conquerors, intent on acquiring territory or new subjects for their king. What the Portuguese had was a series of technological advantages that made their bid to establish a new and superior trade
network viable. […].

The Portuguese were not wrong that China presented a genuine economic opportunity. […]. Yet the Portuguese overplayed a weak hand. Simão de Andrade showed a crass disregard for local sensibilities. Without the consent of imperial officials, he built a fort at Tunmen, hanged a Portuguese sailor in violation of Chinese law, excluded non- Portuguese ships from the harbour and, when challenged, knocked a mandarin’s hat off. […].

Why then did the Portuguese ultimately prevail, to the extent of establishing Macau as a part of their network in 1557—an acquisition they proceeded to retain in their possession for more than 400 years? […]. First, the Chinese prohibition on trade proved unenforceable. New men arrived from Portugal—Leonel de Souza and Simão d’Almeida—who succeeded in establishing a foothold in the Guangdong trade. With the right incentives, officials […] could be turned from foes into business partners. Second, while the Chinese had won the early naval encounters, they had appreciated the superiority of Portuguese ships and cannon. Crucially, as compared with indigenous East Asian pirates, the Portuguese came to be regarded as the lesser evil. […]. After 1601, Portuguese and Chinese forces would fight together to repel new interlopers, from the Netherlands”.

FERGUSON, Niall. The square and the tower: Networks and power, from the Freemasons to Facebook. New York: Penguin, 2017, pp. 71-76, with adaptations.

Considering the ideas and the vocabulary presented in the text, mark the following item a right (C) or wrong (E).

The expression “the lesser evil” indicates that the Portuguese were not perceived by the Chinese as much of a threat as were East Asian pirates.

Text 6 to answer question.

“The advances achieved in Italy and its environs show that, in terms of cultural and economic development, Europe was already diverging from the rest of the world before the end of the fifteenth century. However, the decisive breakthrough that prefigured the age of European domination was not the Italian Renaissance so much as the Iberian age of exploration. Beginning in the reign of Henrique the Navigator (1415-60), sailors from Portugal began to venture further away from Europe—first southwards, following the West African coast, and then all the way across the Atlantic, Indian and finally the Pacific oceans. These extraordinarily ambitious and hazardous voyages created a network of new oceanic trade routes that would rapidly transform the global economy from a patchwork of regional markets into a single world market.

[…].

The Portuguese did not arrive with many products of their own to offer Asian consumers (though they did bring some slaves and gold from West African outposts). That was not the point. Nor did they come as conquerors, intent on acquiring territory or new subjects for their king. What the Portuguese had was a series of technological advantages that made their bid to establish a new and superior trade
network viable. […].

The Portuguese were not wrong that China presented a genuine economic opportunity. […]. Yet the Portuguese overplayed a weak hand. Simão de Andrade showed a crass disregard for local sensibilities. Without the consent of imperial officials, he built a fort at Tunmen, hanged a Portuguese sailor in violation of Chinese law, excluded non- Portuguese ships from the harbour and, when challenged, knocked a mandarin’s hat off. […].

Why then did the Portuguese ultimately prevail, to the extent of establishing Macau as a part of their network in 1557—an acquisition they proceeded to retain in their possession for more than 400 years? […]. First, the Chinese prohibition on trade proved unenforceable. New men arrived from Portugal—Leonel de Souza and Simão d’Almeida—who succeeded in establishing a foothold in the Guangdong trade. With the right incentives, officials […] could be turned from foes into business partners. Second, while the Chinese had won the early naval encounters, they had appreciated the superiority of Portuguese ships and cannon. Crucially, as compared with indigenous East Asian pirates, the Portuguese came to be regarded as the lesser evil. […]. After 1601, Portuguese and Chinese forces would fight together to repel new interlopers, from the Netherlands”.

FERGUSON, Niall. The square and the tower: Networks and power, from the Freemasons to Facebook. New York: Penguin, 2017, pp. 71-76, with adaptations.

Considering the ideas and the vocabulary presented in the text, mark the following item a right (C) or wrong (E).

The word “appreciated” could be replaced with enjoyed without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Text 6 to answer question.

“The advances achieved in Italy and its environs show that, in terms of cultural and economic development, Europe was already diverging from the rest of the world before the end of the fifteenth century. However, the decisive breakthrough that prefigured the age of European domination was not the Italian Renaissance so much as the Iberian age of exploration. Beginning in the reign of Henrique the Navigator (1415-60), sailors from Portugal began to venture further away from Europe—first southwards, following the West African coast, and then all the way across the Atlantic, Indian and finally the Pacific oceans. These extraordinarily ambitious and hazardous voyages created a network of new oceanic trade routes that would rapidly transform the global economy from a patchwork of regional markets into a single world market.

[…].

The Portuguese did not arrive with many products of their own to offer Asian consumers (though they did bring some slaves and gold from West African outposts). That was not the point. Nor did they come as conquerors, intent on acquiring territory or new subjects for their king. What the Portuguese had was a series of technological advantages that made their bid to establish a new and superior trade
network viable. […].

The Portuguese were not wrong that China presented a genuine economic opportunity. […]. Yet the Portuguese overplayed a weak hand. Simão de Andrade showed a crass disregard for local sensibilities. Without the consent of imperial officials, he built a fort at Tunmen, hanged a Portuguese sailor in violation of Chinese law, excluded non- Portuguese ships from the harbour and, when challenged, knocked a mandarin’s hat off. […].

Why then did the Portuguese ultimately prevail, to the extent of establishing Macau as a part of their network in 1557—an acquisition they proceeded to retain in their possession for more than 400 years? […]. First, the Chinese prohibition on trade proved unenforceable. New men arrived from Portugal—Leonel de Souza and Simão d’Almeida—who succeeded in establishing a foothold in the Guangdong trade. With the right incentives, officials […] could be turned from foes into business partners. Second, while the Chinese had won the early naval encounters, they had appreciated the superiority of Portuguese ships and cannon. Crucially, as compared with indigenous East Asian pirates, the Portuguese came to be regarded as the lesser evil. […]. After 1601, Portuguese and Chinese forces would fight together to repel new interlopers, from the Netherlands”.

FERGUSON, Niall. The square and the tower: Networks and power, from the Freemasons to Facebook. New York: Penguin, 2017, pp. 71-76, with adaptations.

Considering the ideas and the vocabulary presented in the text, mark the following item a right (C) or wrong (E).

The word “foes” could be replaced with business counterparts without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Text 6 to answer question.

“The advances achieved in Italy and its environs show that, in terms of cultural and economic development, Europe was already diverging from the rest of the world before the end of the fifteenth century. However, the decisive breakthrough that prefigured the age of European domination was not the Italian Renaissance so much as the Iberian age of exploration. Beginning in the reign of Henrique the Navigator (1415-60), sailors from Portugal began to venture further away from Europe—first southwards, following the West African coast, and then all the way across the Atlantic, Indian and finally the Pacific oceans. These extraordinarily ambitious and hazardous voyages created a network of new oceanic trade routes that would rapidly transform the global economy from a patchwork of regional markets into a single world market.

[…].

The Portuguese did not arrive with many products of their own to offer Asian consumers (though they did bring some slaves and gold from West African outposts). That was not the point. Nor did they come as conquerors, intent on acquiring territory or new subjects for their king. What the Portuguese had was a series of technological advantages that made their bid to establish a new and superior trade
network viable. […].

The Portuguese were not wrong that China presented a genuine economic opportunity. […]. Yet the Portuguese overplayed a weak hand. Simão de Andrade showed a crass disregard for local sensibilities. Without the consent of imperial officials, he built a fort at Tunmen, hanged a Portuguese sailor in violation of Chinese law, excluded non- Portuguese ships from the harbour and, when challenged, knocked a mandarin’s hat off. […].

Why then did the Portuguese ultimately prevail, to the extent of establishing Macau as a part of their network in 1557—an acquisition they proceeded to retain in their possession for more than 400 years? […]. First, the Chinese prohibition on trade proved unenforceable. New men arrived from Portugal—Leonel de Souza and Simão d’Almeida—who succeeded in establishing a foothold in the Guangdong trade. With the right incentives, officials […] could be turned from foes into business partners. Second, while the Chinese had won the early naval encounters, they had appreciated the superiority of Portuguese ships and cannon. Crucially, as compared with indigenous East Asian pirates, the Portuguese came to be regarded as the lesser evil. […]. After 1601, Portuguese and Chinese forces would fight together to repel new interlopers, from the Netherlands”.

FERGUSON, Niall. The square and the tower: Networks and power, from the Freemasons to Facebook. New York: Penguin, 2017, pp. 71-76, with adaptations.

Considering the ideas and the vocabulary presented in the text, mark the following item a right (C) or wrong (E).

The word “patchwork” conveys the idea of a seamless system of regional markets.