Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

        Foreign language teaching has long relied on written texts as a source of language input. Until relatively recently, however, the sentence has been the privileged unit of meaning and analysis. The grammar-translation method of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, for example, illustrated grammatical principles via exemplary sentences. The pedagogical goal was to recode sentences written in the foreign language into one’s mother tongue, with heavy emphasis placed on accuracy and completeness. During the audiolingual era, from the 1940s to the 1960s, the emphasis shifted to spoken language and dialogues were used as language models, but the individual sentence remained the focus of repetition and drills. Again, formal accuracy remained paramount. In the 1960s, with the advent of ‘cognitive-code learning’ theory (following Chomsky’s rejection of behavioristic models of language learning in the late 1950s), teachers’ goals gradually shifted from instilling accurate language habits, to fostering learners’ mental construction of a second language system. Rule learning was reintroduced, but still only at the level of the individual sentence. Indeed, even today, many introductory level foreign language courses are organized around a planned sequence of grammatical structures that are exemplified in sample sentences for intensive practice.

(Richard Kern. Literacy and language teaching)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        The learning principles that good games incorporate are by no means unknown to researchers in the learning sciences. In fact current research on learning supports the sorts of learning principles that good games use, though these principles are often exemplified in games in particularly striking ways (for a survey and citations of the literature, see Gee 2003). However, many of these principles are much better reflected in good games than they are in today’s schools, where we also ask young people to learn complex and challenging things. With the current return in our schools to skill-and-drill and curricula driven by standardized tests, good learning principles have, more and more, been left on the cognitive scientist’s laboratory bench and, I will argue, inside good computer and video games.

        Game design involves modeling human interactions with and within complex virtual worlds, including learning processes as part and parcel of these interactions. This is, in fact, not unlike design research in educational psychology where researchers model new forms of interaction connected to learning in classrooms (complex worlds, indeed), study such interactions to better understand how and why they lead to deep learning, and then ultimately disseminate them across a great many classrooms (see, for example, the chapters in Kelly 2003).

(James Paulo Gee. Situated Language and Learning: a critique of traditional schooling)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        The learning principles that good games incorporate are by no means unknown to researchers in the learning sciences. In fact current research on learning supports the sorts of learning principles that good games use, though these principles are often exemplified in games in particularly striking ways (for a survey and citations of the literature, see Gee 2003). However, many of these principles are much better reflected in good games than they are in today’s schools, where we also ask young people to learn complex and challenging things. With the current return in our schools to skill-and-drill and curricula driven by standardized tests, good learning principles have, more and more, been left on the cognitive scientist’s laboratory bench and, I will argue, inside good computer and video games.

        Game design involves modeling human interactions with and within complex virtual worlds, including learning processes as part and parcel of these interactions. This is, in fact, not unlike design research in educational psychology where researchers model new forms of interaction connected to learning in classrooms (complex worlds, indeed), study such interactions to better understand how and why they lead to deep learning, and then ultimately disseminate them across a great many classrooms (see, for example, the chapters in Kelly 2003).

(James Paulo Gee. Situated Language and Learning: a critique of traditional schooling)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        A new topic area will quickly generate the need to acquire new language in the form of vocabulary, structures, and pronunciation. It is a good idea to have ready a way of coping with this demand.

        If students can feel that they have the time and opportunity to master the use of language that either you or they have identified as being necessary for a certain stage in a project, this will go a long way to increasing their confidence and language competence.

        One way to do this is to produce a language monitor which focuses on vocabulary and structures that have been identified as being useful.

        This allows other students to read it and absorb the word or phrase, the meaning, pronunciation, associated words or collocations, and how to use it in a sentence. They can also add their own cards. The vocabulary monitor remains on the noticeboard throughout the project, constantly available for reinforcement and consolidation. It can also be used as a source of vocabulary games.

        In addition to this or as an alternative, if you have suitable computer facilities available, electronic lists could be created. Students can add to the lists in the same way as the noticeboard. The updated list can be printed out at regular intervals and put on the noticeboard and handouts given to the students.

(Diana L. Fried-Booth. Project Work. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        A new topic area will quickly generate the need to acquire new language in the form of vocabulary, structures, and pronunciation. It is a good idea to have ready a way of coping with this demand.

        If students can feel that they have the time and opportunity to master the use of language that either you or they have identified as being necessary for a certain stage in a project, this will go a long way to increasing their confidence and language competence.

        One way to do this is to produce a language monitor which focuses on vocabulary and structures that have been identified as being useful.

        This allows other students to read it and absorb the word or phrase, the meaning, pronunciation, associated words or collocations, and how to use it in a sentence. They can also add their own cards. The vocabulary monitor remains on the noticeboard throughout the project, constantly available for reinforcement and consolidation. It can also be used as a source of vocabulary games.

        In addition to this or as an alternative, if you have suitable computer facilities available, electronic lists could be created. Students can add to the lists in the same way as the noticeboard. The updated list can be printed out at regular intervals and put on the noticeboard and handouts given to the students.

(Diana L. Fried-Booth. Project Work. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        […] The action research cycle results show that task design should follow a certain sequence: First, tasks should focus on gaining an understanding of the e-literacy skills required when working with tools such as forums, wikis, and social bookmarking sites for language learning and teaching purposes. Ideally, this understanding should enable teachers to provide a rationale for using bespoke tools. Next, tasks should raise their awareness of a tool’s specific affordances, i.e. the constraints and possibilities of the modes available for meaning making and communication (Hampel & Hauck, 2006). This will allow the teachers to move to the next level of Hampel and Stickler’s (2005) skills pyramid by fostering their multimodal communicative competence and thus their professional literacy (Willis, 2001). These steps are a prerequisite for the subsequent phase in which teachers themselves design tasks with the goal of fostering, in turn, their learners’ multimodal competence and autonomy since merely equipping learners with creative and democratic representational online resources will not necessarily result in higher student control over the learning process or the development of autonomy (Hampel & Hauck, 2006).

(Carolin Fuchs, Andreas Müller-Hartmann, Mirjam Hauck. Promoting learner autonomy through multiliteracy skills development in cross-institutional exchanges. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        […] The action research cycle results show that task design should follow a certain sequence: First, tasks should focus on gaining an understanding of the e-literacy skills required when working with tools such as forums, wikis, and social bookmarking sites for language learning and teaching purposes. Ideally, this understanding should enable teachers to provide a rationale for using bespoke tools. Next, tasks should raise their awareness of a tool’s specific affordances, i.e. the constraints and possibilities of the modes available for meaning making and communication (Hampel & Hauck, 2006). This will allow the teachers to move to the next level of Hampel and Stickler’s (2005) skills pyramid by fostering their multimodal communicative competence and thus their professional literacy (Willis, 2001). These steps are a prerequisite for the subsequent phase in which teachers themselves design tasks with the goal of fostering, in turn, their learners’ multimodal competence and autonomy since merely equipping learners with creative and democratic representational online resources will not necessarily result in higher student control over the learning process or the development of autonomy (Hampel & Hauck, 2006).

(Carolin Fuchs, Andreas Müller-Hartmann, Mirjam Hauck. Promoting learner autonomy through multiliteracy skills development in cross-institutional exchanges. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        […] The action research cycle results show that task design should follow a certain sequence: First, tasks should focus on gaining an understanding of the e-literacy skills required when working with tools such as forums, wikis, and social bookmarking sites for language learning and teaching purposes. Ideally, this understanding should enable teachers to provide a rationale for using bespoke tools. Next, tasks should raise their awareness of a tool’s specific affordances, i.e. the constraints and possibilities of the modes available for meaning making and communication (Hampel & Hauck, 2006). This will allow the teachers to move to the next level of Hampel and Stickler’s (2005) skills pyramid by fostering their multimodal communicative competence and thus their professional literacy (Willis, 2001). These steps are a prerequisite for the subsequent phase in which teachers themselves design tasks with the goal of fostering, in turn, their learners’ multimodal competence and autonomy since merely equipping learners with creative and democratic representational online resources will not necessarily result in higher student control over the learning process or the development of autonomy (Hampel & Hauck, 2006).

(Carolin Fuchs, Andreas Müller-Hartmann, Mirjam Hauck. Promoting learner autonomy through multiliteracy skills development in cross-institutional exchanges. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

        A concepção de Kincheloe apoia-se na pedagogia crítica defendida por Freire. Discutindo a concepção bancária de ensino-aprendizagem (que resulta – assim como é o resultado – de um currículo e formação de professor fragmentados), Freire (1970, p. 85) afirma que essa concepção “desenvolve uma ação apassivadora, coincide com o estado de “imersão” da consciência oprimida”.

        Para Freire, não é a oposição de um discurso ao outro que promoverá a transformação social, mas a formação para a conscientização de sua condição subalterna. Em outras palavras: “o empenho (...) está em que os oprimidos tomem consciência de que, pelo fato mesmo de que estão sendo “hospedeiros” dos opressores, como seres duais, não estão podendo ser (1970, p. 86, grifo meu)”.

        Não bastaria, portanto, substituir a linguagem de um grupo social ou político por outro. A formação de professores não poderia ser pautada no ensino (por uns) e apropriação de práticas, técnicas ou mesmo conceitos (por outros). É preciso permitir que as linguagens em conflito possam ser compreendidas pelos agentes que, em última análise, as validam e utilizam – talvez inconscientemente. Caso contrário, estando na Linguística Aplicada, tenho o dever de ressaltar que tais agentes (ex.: os educadores) estariam a serviço da manutenção de uma linguagem cujos objetivos, muitas vezes, desconhecem porque não foram formados para ler nas entrelinhas, a “letra miúda” que traz os “efeitos colaterais”. Ao mesmo tempo, seria obrigada a denunciar que a formação de professores estaria a serviço também da mesma manutenção – “fazendo comunicados” (Freire, 1970), mas não “comunicando”.

(Sueli Salles Fidalgo. Formar professores de línguas para incluir em contextos de diversidade excludente.)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

        A concepção de Kincheloe apoia-se na pedagogia crítica defendida por Freire. Discutindo a concepção bancária de ensino-aprendizagem (que resulta – assim como é o resultado – de um currículo e formação de professor fragmentados), Freire (1970, p. 85) afirma que essa concepção “desenvolve uma ação apassivadora, coincide com o estado de “imersão” da consciência oprimida”.

        Para Freire, não é a oposição de um discurso ao outro que promoverá a transformação social, mas a formação para a conscientização de sua condição subalterna. Em outras palavras: “o empenho (...) está em que os oprimidos tomem consciência de que, pelo fato mesmo de que estão sendo “hospedeiros” dos opressores, como seres duais, não estão podendo ser (1970, p. 86, grifo meu)”.

        Não bastaria, portanto, substituir a linguagem de um grupo social ou político por outro. A formação de professores não poderia ser pautada no ensino (por uns) e apropriação de práticas, técnicas ou mesmo conceitos (por outros). É preciso permitir que as linguagens em conflito possam ser compreendidas pelos agentes que, em última análise, as validam e utilizam – talvez inconscientemente. Caso contrário, estando na Linguística Aplicada, tenho o dever de ressaltar que tais agentes (ex.: os educadores) estariam a serviço da manutenção de uma linguagem cujos objetivos, muitas vezes, desconhecem porque não foram formados para ler nas entrelinhas, a “letra miúda” que traz os “efeitos colaterais”. Ao mesmo tempo, seria obrigada a denunciar que a formação de professores estaria a serviço também da mesma manutenção – “fazendo comunicados” (Freire, 1970), mas não “comunicando”.

(Sueli Salles Fidalgo. Formar professores de línguas para incluir em contextos de diversidade excludente.)