The best way to see most of Washington’s monuments and museums is to stroll down the Mall, a greenway crowned by the Capitol and lined with treasure all the way to the Lincoln Memorial. Start by taking the Metro there (orange or blue line to Smithsonian; take the Mall exit out of the station), as parking is impossible. Then choose your own adventure, rambling in and out of museums and staying only as long as you’d like. If you have kids with you, take a break at the old-fashioned carousel in front of the Arts and Industries building, about halfway down the Mall. Or duck into the sculpture garden at the Hirshhorn Museum nearby. There’s a lot to see, so you'll have to prioritize — or chill out and assume you’ll be back one day.

The National Museum of American History is one museum not to be missed on the Mall. Reopened on Nov. 21, 2008, after a two-year renovation, it is a massive collection of all things American — from Abraham Lincoln’s top hat to the Nintendo Game Boy. Another sure thing on the Mall, the National Museum of Natural History has something for everyone in the family. The Hope Diamond is here, along with an insect zoo, an IMAX cinema and a hall full of dinosaurs.

The National Mall. In: Internet: <www.content.time.com> (adapted).

Judge if the translation suggested in each following item is grammatically correct and maintains the meaning of the original text.

“Or duck into the sculpture garden at the Hirshhorn Museum nearby.” = Ou ver os patos no jardim de esculturas no Museu Hirshhorn aí perto.

Acerca da administração pública brasileira, julgue o item.

A gestão por programas prevista no plano plurianual (PPA) consiste em uma aplicação do princípio da gestão por resultados na administração pública.

Acerca da administração pública brasileira, julgue o item.

A capacidade da administração pública de agir conforme normas e regras em suas transações econômicas e sociais é denominada accountability.

One of the most important decisions in life is deciding on a job. I first came to this country without knowing any English. Therefore, I had a hard time finding a job. I applied everywhere, but no one called me for a job. For that reason, I attended college and took some classes that helped me to have a good career. Now I have almost gotten my AA degree. After I had attended college for one year, I applied at a shoe store and they hired me right away. My plan is to transfer to the university; after that, I can easily find a better job.

Suzanne W. Woodward. Fun with grammar.
Prentice Hall Regents. p.103 (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the item that follow.

In “took some classes that helped me to have a good career”, “that” can be correctly replaced by who.

When babies learn to talk, they pay close attention to grammar. Specifically verbs. A new study shows that hearing what an object does is how they learn what an object is.

Researchers showed infants between 15 and 19 months of age pairs of images on a screen. Each pair included an animal and a non-living object. Then the screen went dark and the infants overheard a conversation that included a nonsense word: “blick.” Some babies heard a sentence with an action verb like “The blick eats.” Others heard a sentence like “The blick is over here,” with no action verb.

The infants then again saw the screen with an animal and an inanimate object. And a researcher said, “Look at the blick.” Infants who had heard the active sentence looked more often and longer at the animal, compared with those who had heard the sentence lacking any action. Because if all the babies know is that “the blick is over here,” it could be any object, alive or not. The study is in the journal Cognition. The researchers say that learning language requires the infant to listen to natural conversations and to analyze the complex situations being discussed.

Christie Nicholson. Infants use verbs they know to learn new nouns.
March 10, 2014. Internet: <www.scientificamerican.com> (adapted).

According to the text, judge the following item.

The text above is an academic article.

Fear started taking over. I was walking into my first school in America. I had traveled a long distance from India in order to join my mother, who had been here for three years, hoping America would help my future. I was afraid how I would do. I didn’t know anybody in my classes. On the first day, I went to my second period class after I had missed my first. I was already confused because in India the teachers switch classes according to periods while most of the students have the same period. With anxiety on one hand and fear on the other, I reached for the doorknob, opening it slowly.

Everyone’s eyes were on me as I entered the room. Without paying attention to them, I went straight to the teacher and asked if this was the right class. With a soft voice he answered, “Yes.” His voice comforted me a little. He gave me a sheet called Course Requirements, which I would never get in India because we didn’t have anything like that. Then he asked me to choose where I would sit. I chose the seat closest to the door instead of the corner where all of the boys were sitting. I didn’t actually want to pick a seat. In India we had assigned seats, so I never needed to worry about that. I spent the rest of the class taking notes from the image produced by the class projector.

Internet: <www.teenink.com> (adapted).

Judge if the translation suggested in item grammatically correct and maintains the meaning of the original text.

“On the first day, I went to my second period class after I had missed my first” = No primeiro dia, fui para minha classe de segundo ano depois de ter perdido minha primeira.

Most people agree with the definition of good health as being a state in which you are free from sickness. Despite this, there are many different opinions about how a person can actually have good health. People used to think of their health only when they were sick. But these days more and more people are taking measures to make sure that they don’t get sick in the first place. I will describe now a few of the most common things that you can do to stay healthy.

One of the best things you can do for your body is exercise. But how much is enough? Some people think that doing simple things like cleaning the house are helpful. Other people do heavy exercise everyday such as running or swimming. One thing experts do agree on is that any kind of exercise is good for you.

Along with exercise, having a healthy diet can help promote good health. Foods like vegetables and fruits should be eaten several times each day. It is also important to eat foods high in fiber such as beans, grains, fruit and vegetables.

Avoiding foods with a lot of sugar, salt and fat is a good idea.

Eating these kinds of foods can lead to a variety of health problems, the main one being obesity which means having so much fat on your body that you are risking your health.

In today’s modern world, we all have some level of stress in our lives. Money problems, work and relationships with other people can all cause stress. It can also be caused by good things like getting married or moving into a new house.

The important thing to remember is that you can never completely remove stress from your life. It will always be with you. Instead of trying to get rid of stress, people need to be aware of what causes them stress and find ways to reduce the impact that stress has on their lives.

Good health. In: Internet :
<www.eskreadinglessons.com> (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.

Doing housework cannot be regarded as exercising, because it is not very intense.

The biology of human sleep timing, like that of other mammals, changes as we age. As puberty begins, bedtimes and waking times get later. This trend continues until 19.5 years in women and 21 in men. Then it reverses. At 55 we wake at about the time we woke before puberty. On average this is two hours earlier than adolescents. This means that for a teenager, a 7 am alarm call is the equivalent of a 5 am start for a person in their 50s.

However, biology is only part of the problem.

Additional factors include a more relaxed attitude to bedtimes by parents, a general disregard for the importance of sleep, and access to TVs, DVDs, PCs, gaming devices, cellphones and so on, which promote alertness.

Researchers at Brown University in Providence have shown that teenagers need about 9 hours of sleep per night.

Observations at a school in Liverpool suggested many were getting just 5 hours on a school night. Unsurprisingly, teachers reported students falling asleep in class.

Evidence that sleep is important is overwhelming.

Research has demonstrated its critical role in memory consolidation and our ability to generate innovative solutions 22 to complex problems. Similar studies have shown that long-term sleep deprivation might be an important factor in predisposing people to diabetes, obesity and hypertension.

Adolescents are increasingly using stimulants to compensate for sleep loss, and caffeinated and/or sugary drinks are the usual choice. The half-life of caffeine is 5 to 9 hours. So a 28 caffeinated drink late in the day delays sleep at night. Tiredness also increases the possibility of taking up smoking.

In the US, the observation that teenagers have 31 biologically delayed sleep patterns compared to adults has led several schools to start the school day at a later time. An analysis of the impact of this decision by the University of 34 Minnesota found that academic performance was enhanced, as was attendance. Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression.

In the UK, a specific high school instituted a 10 am start in 2009 and saw an improvement in academic performance. However, a later start by itself is not enough.

Society in general, and teenagers in particular, must start to take sleep seriously. Sleep is not a luxury or an indulgence but a fundamental biological need.

Russell Foster. Why teenagers really do need an extra hour in
bed. April 22, 2013. Internet: <www.newscientist.com> (adapted).

Judge the following item according to the text.

In the sentence “Sleeping in class declined, as did self-reported depression”, the word “as” indicates that depression also declined.

A função pública sempre esteve ligada a motivações como a natureza do serviço e o compromisso com o interesse comum. No entanto, o tipo de atividade das instituições públicas pressupõe uma cadeia de intermediações que distancia a atuação dos gestores dos efeitos decorrentes de seus atos.

Instituições grandes, pesadas e rígidas, cadeias de decisão extensas e complexas, limitações de regulamentos e recursos, prejudicam a busca de níveis mais elevados de eficiência e eficácia. Para atingir bem seus objetivos, as empresas públicas devem procurar criar condições equivalentes à racionalidade das empresas privadas, sem desconsiderar a especificidade do setor público. Neste, não existem instrumentos contábeis equivalentes aos balanços anuais nem indicadores claros de produtividade ou incentivos que estimulem. É comum, inclusive, a falta de clareza a respeito dos objetivos e produtos de cada unidade administrativa ou prestadora de serviços. Portanto, para se reproduzir a racionalidade microeconômica, devem ser definidos critérios e criados mecanismos que sejam coerentes com a realidade do setor público.

Entre os critérios em discussão, encontram-se os conceitos da produtividade no setor público; a modificação dos processos orçamentários com definições ligadas a objetivos e produtos mensuráveis e passíveis de avaliação; a revisão dos elementos que definem a rentabilidade social dos programas, serviços e investimentos realizados pelo Estado; a incorporação de critérios que atribuam peso maior à demanda dos usuários na tomada de decisão no setor público; e, por último, a adoção de padrões comparativos como forma de avaliar o rendimento e a qualidade da ação estatal.

Carolina Tohá e Ricardo Solari. A modernização do Estado e a gerência pública. In:
Revista do Serviço Público. Ano 48 n.º 3, set.-dez./1997 (com adaptações).

Considerando as informações e as estruturas linguísticas do texto acima, julgue o item a seguir.

Segundo os autores do texto, a promoção de estratégias de racionalidade próprias do setor privado garante a melhoria da prestação dos serviços públicos, independentemente das peculiaridades da administração pública.

Facebook, the social network that celebrates its 10^th birthday this week, has astounding statistics. In just one decade, it has signed up some 1.3 billion people, half of whom log in on any given day and spend an average of 18 minutes per visit.

Facebook connects families across continents, friends across the years and people around the world.

And yet Facebook’s effects on its users may not be entirely benign. Some researchers suggest that the ability to connect does not necessarily make people any happier, and it could actually reduce the satisfaction they feel about their life.

Can it really be possible that Facebook makes you sad?

Until recently, few had studied this question and the little evidence that did exist actually hinted that the social network has a beneficial effect. In 2009, Sebastian Valenzuela and colleagues at the University of Texas at Austin measured how life satisfaction varied among over 2,500 students who used Facebook, and they found a small positive correlation.

Yet last summer, a team of psychologists from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and the University of Leuven in Belgium decided to drill a bit deeper by evaluating how life satisfaction changes over time with Facebook use.

Ethan Kross and colleagues questioned a group of people five times a day over two weeks about their emotional state. They asked questions such as “how do you feel right now?”, “how lonely do you feel right now?”, “how much have you used Facebook since we last asked?” and so on. This gave them a snapshot of each individual’s well-being and Facebook usage throughout the day.

The team found that Facebook use correlated with a low sense of well-being. “The more people used Facebook over two-weeks, the more their life satisfaction levels declined over time,” they said. “Rather than enhancing well-being, these findings suggest that Facebook may undermine it.”

Justin Mullins. Can Facebook make you sad? February 6,
2014. Internet: <www.bbc.co.uk> (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following item.

In the phrase “their emotional state”, the word “their” refers to “Ethan Kross and colleagues”.