Read the text to answer 36.

Communicative competence and the native-speaker model

Whatever the original characteristics of the concept of communicative competence – Hymes emphasised the heterogeneousness of linguistic communities and individual competences –, it has developed, as far as language teaching is concerned, within a model of an ideal native communicator: the characteristics of communicative competence, seen as distinct from a strictly linguistic competence, are the sociolinguistic and pragmatic abilities, knowledge and aptitudes of speakers who are implicitly assumed to be monolingual native speakers, or who are at least regarded as functioning in endolingual communicative situations (i.e. communication involving persons deemed to have a mastered, homogenous knowledge of the entire resources of the medium used, namely their first language). The goals of learning a foreign language, including the various threshold levels, fall short of this native speaker competence; furthermore, the learner is not explicitly taken into account as a plurilingual subject able, for example, to call on the resources of his mother tongue(s) or of another foreign language of which he already has some knowledge.

(Available on: https://rm.coe.int/168069d29b. Adapted.)

\quad

Taking into account text clues, the item displaying suitable information is: