Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

        Foreign language teaching has long relied on written texts as a source of language input. Until relatively recently, however, the sentence has been the privileged unit of meaning and analysis. The grammar-translation method of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, for example, illustrated grammatical principles via exemplary sentences. The pedagogical goal was to recode sentences written in the foreign language into one’s mother tongue, with heavy emphasis placed on accuracy and completeness. During the audiolingual era, from the 1940s to the 1960s, the emphasis shifted to spoken language and dialogues were used as language models, but the individual sentence remained the focus of repetition and drills. Again, formal accuracy remained paramount. In the 1960s, with the advent of ‘cognitive-code learning’ theory (following Chomsky’s rejection of behavioristic models of language learning in the late 1950s), teachers’ goals gradually shifted from instilling accurate language habits, to fostering learners’ mental construction of a second language system. Rule learning was reintroduced, but still only at the level of the individual sentence. Indeed, even today, many introductory level foreign language courses are organized around a planned sequence of grammatical structures that are exemplified in sample sentences for intensive practice.

(Richard Kern. Literacy and language teaching)