Considere agora a possibilidade de discriminação de preços:

Item 0 - A discriminação de preços de primeiro grau é a prática de preços diferenciados para cada consumidor, cobrando o valor máximo que cada indivíduo estaria disposto a pagar para consumir o bem.

O item abaixo é certo ou errado:

Item 2 - Em uma alocação ineficiente, ninguém pode estar melhor do que em uma alocação eficiente.

“Reconsideration of Import Substitution”, by Henry J. Breton, Journal of Economic Literature June 1998, pp. 903-936.

The following text contains two sections of the article above by Henry J. Breton. Your job is to agree or disagree with these statements. Read the definition and mark it right or wrong.

Section 3.2. Key Role of Capital Formation

These ideas put primary emphasis on capital formation as the source of growth. The most obvious difference between firms in rich countries and those in poor ones was the extent to which physical capital was available to work with the labor. There are virtually no data on capital/labor ratios for the early 195 Q's, but there is little doubt that this ratio was vastly higher in the North than in the South in virtually all sectors, except for foreign firms engaged in mining of one kind or another. Thus another policy objective eras to accelerate the rate of investment. This view was supported by a now-famous Arthur Lewis statement: "The central problem in the theory of economic growth is to understand the process by which a community is converted from being a 5 percent saver to a 12 percent saver"(Lewis 1955, pp. 325-26). Tae nearest thing available to a formal theory of growth was that of Roy F. Harrod (1939. 1949), in which the only specified source of growth was capital formation. Harrod specified a simple relationship between increased output and increased capital--the incremental capital/output ratio (ICOR). This ratio was assumed to be constant due to technological factors. There were numerous estimates of the ICOR, and most plans made specific assumptions about its value for sectors and for the economy as a whole. Such estimates were widely used to determine the amount of new capital required to achieve a given growth target. Most observers considered domestic saving the primary constraint, and the earliest arguments for foreign aid rested on the assumption that the savings of the poor countries had to be supplemented by foreign savings if acceptable growth rates were to be achieved.

The allocation of capital within the boundaries laid down with respect to structural change was an important issue. In some instances, the ICOR estimates were used as a criterion; that is; invest where the ICORs are smallest. There were efforts to identify specific objectives to be served by the new investment: for example to raise the saving rate, increase exports, maximize na employment effect, meet certain regional objectives, etc. Evidently this way of thinking revealed further doubts about an effective market answer.

The capital goods sector :vas small or nonexistent in the newly independent countries, and most capital goods had to be imported. An obvious way to encourage investment was to maintain an exchange rate that kept capital's domestic price low. This could be most easily done by maintaining an overvalued exchange rate (or, less frequently, multiple exchange rates). Overvalued exchange rates (relative to a free trade situation) appeared as a means to encourage investment. This produced balance of payment pressures, and to counter these

varieties of tariffs. import licenses, and exchange controls were put in place. Protection in many forms was afforded currently imported consumer durables (and now and then simple capital goods) behind which domestic production took place. Consumer goods (especially durables), rather than capital goods, were protected on the grounds that their costs of production in the developing country would be relatively less than those of capital goods, because production of the latter goods was assumed to be more capital intensive and to employ more complex technology. Where Mahalanobis' view strongly prevailed--India. Brazil, and possibly other large countries--domestic production of capital goods .:as encouraged by keeping out imports and by direct subsidies. Even in such countries. however, attention was given mainly to protecting the domestic market from importation of consumer durables.

The author states that the Incremental Capital Out-Put Ratio (ICOR) was an important guideline for planned investment by public decision-makers in developing countries.

Item 0 - Previous knowledge of ICOR data, for most industries during the 1950-decade, made planning easier.

Assinale o item abaixo sobre o modelo IS-LM se é certo ou errado:

Item 2 - Quanto mais sensível for a demanda agregada à taxa de juros, maior o efeito da política fiscal sobre o produto.

Nos anos que antecederam a implementação do Plano Real (1992 a 1993) houve um expressivo crescimento do passivo externo bruto da economia brasileira. Tal processo:

Item 0 - foi estimulado pela liberalização cambial brasileira iniciada no final da década de oitenta;

Assinale o item abaixo se é certo ou errado:

Item 1 - Se o estoque de capital for menor do que o dado pela regra de ouro, uma elevação da propensão marginal a poupar e/ou uma redução da taxa de crescimento elevam o consumo de longo prazo.

Assinale o item abaixo se é certo ou errado:

Item 4 - No modelo original da curva de Phillips o trade off entre inflação e desemprego é permanente.

Com relação à Teoria das Probabilidade podemos afirmar que:

Item 0 - Sendo A e B dois eventos independentes e se !$ P(a)=0,5 !$ e !$ P(B)=0,4 !$, então !$ P(a \cup B)=0,5 !$.

Assinale se o item é certo ou errado:

Item 3 - Quanto maior for a inflação menos elástica deve ser a curva de Phillips de curto prazo.

Em relação às reformas monetárias implementadas por Ouro Preto e Rui Barbosa pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1 - a elaboração do projeto de reforma monetária de Ouro Preto coincidiu com um período de intensa desvalorização cambial;