Nos anos que antecederam a implementação do Plano Real (1992 a 1993) houve um expressivo crescimento do passivo externo bruto da economia brasileira. Tal processo:

Item 4 - derivou, em parte, da reestruturação da dívida externa brasileira realizada nos moldes do Plano Brady;

“Reconsideration of Import Substitution”, by Henry J. Breton, Journal of Economic Literature June 1998, pp. 903-936.

The following text contains two sections of the article above by Henry J. Breton. Your job is to agree or disagree with these statements. Read the definition and mark it right or wrong.

Section 3.2. Key Role of Capital Formation

These ideas put primary emphasis on capital formation as the source of growth. The most obvious difference between firms in rich countries and those in poor ones was the extent to which physical capital was available to work with the labor. There are virtually no data on capital/labor ratios for the early 195 Q's, but there is little doubt that this ratio was vastly higher in the North than in the South in virtually all sectors, except for foreign firms engaged in mining of one kind or another. Thus another policy objective eras to accelerate the rate of investment. This view was supported by a now-famous Arthur Lewis statement: "The central problem in the theory of economic growth is to understand the process by which a community is converted from being a 5 percent saver to a 12 percent saver"(Lewis 1955, pp. 325-26). Tae nearest thing available to a formal theory of growth was that of Roy F. Harrod (1939. 1949), in which the only specified source of growth was capital formation. Harrod specified a simple relationship between increased output and increased capital--the incremental capital/output ratio (ICOR). This ratio was assumed to be constant due to technological factors. There were numerous estimates of the ICOR, and most plans made specific assumptions about its value for sectors and for the economy as a whole. Such estimates were widely used to determine the amount of new capital required to achieve a given growth target. Most observers considered domestic saving the primary constraint, and the earliest arguments for foreign aid rested on the assumption that the savings of the poor countries had to be supplemented by foreign savings if acceptable growth rates were to be achieved.

The allocation of capital within the boundaries laid down with respect to structural change was an important issue. In some instances, the ICOR estimates were used as a criterion; that is; invest where the ICORs are smallest. There were efforts to identify specific objectives to be served by the new investment: for example to raise the saving rate, increase exports, maximize na employment effect, meet certain regional objectives, etc. Evidently this way of thinking revealed further doubts about an effective market answer.

The capital goods sector :vas small or nonexistent in the newly independent countries, and most capital goods had to be imported. An obvious way to encourage investment was to maintain an exchange rate that kept capital's domestic price low. This could be most easily done by maintaining an overvalued exchange rate (or, less frequently, multiple exchange rates). Overvalued exchange rates (relative to a free trade situation) appeared as a means to encourage investment. This produced balance of payment pressures, and to counter these

varieties of tariffs. import licenses, and exchange controls were put in place. Protection in many forms was afforded currently imported consumer durables (and now and then simple capital goods) behind which domestic production took place. Consumer goods (especially durables), rather than capital goods, were protected on the grounds that their costs of production in the developing country would be relatively less than those of capital goods, because production of the latter goods was assumed to be more capital intensive and to employ more complex technology. Where Mahalanobis' view strongly prevailed--India. Brazil, and possibly other large countries--domestic production of capital goods .:as encouraged by keeping out imports and by direct subsidies. Even in such countries. however, attention was given mainly to protecting the domestic market from importation of consumer durables.

The author states that the Incremental Capital Out-Put Ratio (ICOR) was an important guideline for planned investment by public decision-makers in developing countries.

Item 4 - The ICOR was assumed to be constant due to technologic factors.

Os diferentes planos de estabilização implementados a partir de meados dos anos oitenta (Cruzado, Bresser, Verão, Collor I e II e Real) foram influenciados pela concepção de inflação inercial. Tal concepção:

Item 4 - explica a inércia inflacionária a partir da assincronia dos processos de indexação de preços e rendimentos.

Considere as preferências de um consumidor representadas no gráfico abaixo, onde as setas indicam a direção na qual as preferências aumentam.

Pode-se afirmar que as curvas de indiferença são convexas.

Item 1 - Nota-se que existem cestas que nunca seriam demandadas pelo consumidor.

Seja o seguinte modelo de regressão linear múltipla na forma matricial:

!$ Y=X.\beta + ε !$,

onde as dimensões das matrizes e dos vetores envolvidos são: !$ Y=>(n \times 1) !$; !$ X=>(n \times k) !$; !$ \beta=>(k \times 1) !$; e !$ ε=> (n \times 1) !$.

Então, podemos fazer a seguinte afirmação:

Item 3 - Quando testamos a existência do modelo de regressão, fazemos as seguintes hipóteses sobre os coeficientes !$ \beta !$ da regressão (admitindo que !$ \beta_1 \ne 0 !$, ou seja, a regressão não passa pela origem):

Hipótese nula => !$ H_0: \beta_2= \beta_3= ... \beta_k=0 !$

Hipótese aleternativa => !$ H_1: !$ Todos os !$ \beta_i \ne 0 !$, para !$ i=2,3, ..., k !$.

“Reconsideration of Import Substitution”, by Henry J. Breton, Journal of Economic Literature June 1998, pp. 903-936.

The following text contains two sections of the article above by Henry J. Breton. Your job is to agree or disagree with these statements. Read the definition and mark it right or wrong.

Section 3.2. Key Role of Capital Formation

These ideas put primary emphasis on capital formation as the source of growth. The most obvious difference between firms in rich countries and those in poor ones was the extent to which physical capital was available to work with the labor. There are virtually no data on capital/labor ratios for the early 195 Q's, but there is little doubt that this ratio was vastly higher in the North than in the South in virtually all sectors, except for foreign firms engaged in mining of one kind or another. Thus another policy objective eras to accelerate the rate of investment. This view was supported by a now-famous Arthur Lewis statement: "The central problem in the theory of economic growth is to understand the process by which a community is converted from being a 5 percent saver to a 12 percent saver"(Lewis 1955, pp. 325-26). Tae nearest thing available to a formal theory of growth was that of Roy F. Harrod (1939. 1949), in which the only specified source of growth was capital formation. Harrod specified a simple relationship between increased output and increased capital--the incremental capital/output ratio (ICOR). This ratio was assumed to be constant due to technological factors. There were numerous estimates of the ICOR, and most plans made specific assumptions about its value for sectors and for the economy as a whole. Such estimates were widely used to determine the amount of new capital required to achieve a given growth target. Most observers considered domestic saving the primary constraint, and the earliest arguments for foreign aid rested on the assumption that the savings of the poor countries had to be supplemented by foreign savings if acceptable growth rates were to be achieved.

The allocation of capital within the boundaries laid down with respect to structural change was an important issue. In some instances, the ICOR estimates were used as a criterion; that is; invest where the ICORs are smallest. There were efforts to identify specific objectives to be served by the new investment: for example to raise the saving rate, increase exports, maximize na employment effect, meet certain regional objectives, etc. Evidently this way of thinking revealed further doubts about an effective market answer.

The capital goods sector :vas small or nonexistent in the newly independent countries, and most capital goods had to be imported. An obvious way to encourage investment was to maintain an exchange rate that kept capital's domestic price low. This could be most easily done by maintaining an overvalued exchange rate (or, less frequently, multiple exchange rates). Overvalued exchange rates (relative to a free trade situation) appeared as a means to encourage investment. This produced balance of payment pressures, and to counter these

varieties of tariffs. import licenses, and exchange controls were put in place. Protection in many forms was afforded currently imported consumer durables (and now and then simple capital goods) behind which domestic production took place. Consumer goods (especially durables), rather than capital goods, were protected on the grounds that their costs of production in the developing country would be relatively less than those of capital goods, because production of the latter goods was assumed to be more capital intensive and to employ more complex technology. Where Mahalanobis' view strongly prevailed--India. Brazil, and possibly other large countries--domestic production of capital goods .:as encouraged by keeping out imports and by direct subsidies. Even in such countries. however, attention was given mainly to protecting the domestic market from importation of consumer durables.

The author states that the Incremental Capital Out-Put Ratio (ICOR) was an important guideline for planned investment by public decision-makers in developing countries.

Item 2 - The ICOR data were known only in the developed countries.

No que se refere à economia brasileira durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, pode-se afirmar que as condições criadas por este conflito:

Item 2 - provocaram uma queda substancial dos preços do café no comércio internacional;

Seja o seguinte modelo de regressão linear múltipla na forma matricial:

!$ Y=X.\beta + ε !$,

onde as dimensões das matrizes e dos vetores envolvidos são: !$ Y=>(n \times 1) !$; !$ X=>(n \times k) !$; !$ \beta=>(k \times 1) !$; e !$ ε=> (n \times 1) !$.

Então, podemos fazer a seguinte afirmação:

Item 0 - Um dos pressupostos básicos do modelo é: Os elementos da matriz X são estocásticos com valores fixados em amostras repetidas.

Seja X matriz quadrada de ordem n cujos elementos são números reais nem todos nulos. Indique se o item é certo ou errado:

Item 3 - Quando qualquer das linhas de X pode ser expressa como combinação linear de outra(s), pelo menos um dos valores característicos é nulo.

A partir de uma situação de equilíbrio no modelo IS/LM as Autoridades Monetárias elevam a base monetária. Suponha que o ajustamento no mercado de bens seja lento e, que o Banco Central a cada instante compre toda a oferta excedente de títulos. Assinale se o item abaixo é certo ou errado:

Item 0 - O ajustamento dinâmico ocorre ao longo da LM.