BASED ON YOUR INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT THAT FOLLOWS, DETERMINE IF EVERY STATEMENT IS RIGHT OR WRONG.

FIRST TEXT

At length, in 1776, our illustrious countryman, Adam Smith, published the “Wealth of Nations” – a work which has done for Political Economy what the Essay of Locke did for the philosophy of mind. In this work, the science was, for the first time, treated in its fullest extent; and the fundamental principles on which the production of wealth depends, established beyond the reach of cavil and dispute. In opposition to the Economists, Dr. Smith has shown that labor is the only source of wealth, and that the wish to augment our fortunes and to rise in the world – a wish that comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us till we go into the grave – is the cause of wealth being saved and accumulated: he has shown that labor is productive of wealth when employed in manufactures and commerce, as well as when it is employed in the cultivation of the land; he has traced the various means by which labor may be rendered most effective; and has given a most admirable analysis and exposition of the prodigious addition made to its powers by its division among different individuals and countries, and by the employment of accumulated wealth, or capital, in industrious undertakings. He has also shown, in opposition to the commonly received opinions of the merchants, politicians, and statesmen of his time, that wealth does not consist in the abundance of gold and silver, but enjoyments of human life; that it is in every case sound policy to leave individuals to pursue their own interest in their own way; that in prosecuting branches of industry advantageous to themselves, they necessarily prosecute such as are, at the same time, advantageous to the public; and that every regulation intended to force industry into particular channels, or to determine the species of commercial intercourse to be carried on between countries, is impolitic and pernicious – injurious to the rights of individuals – and adverse to the progress of real opulence and lasting prosperity.

J. R. McCulloch, on Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire from The Principles of Political Economy, 1830. Reprinted

in: Charles Dickens, Hard Times. W.W. Norton & Co, 1990: 318-319.

According to the text:

Item 4 - The division of labor is the only source of labor’s productivity increase.

Considere um duopólio em que a demanda inversa de mercado é dada por p = a - bq. O custo fixo das duas empresas é zero, de modo que o custo médio e o custo marginal são constantes e iguais a c.

Item 3 - Em caso de conluio, as duas empresas vendem conjuntamente um total de !$ { \large (a - c) \over b} !$ unidades.

Indique se a seguinte consideração sobre a teoria dos testes de hipótese está certo ou errado.

Item 1 - No teste de hipótese para proporções, se a variância da proporção populacional for desconhecida, a estatística t de Student com n-1 graus de liberdade (n é o tamanho da amostra) é a indicada para o teste.

BASED ON YOUR INTERPRETATION OF THE TEXT THAT FOLLOWS, DETERMINE IF EVERY STATEMENT IS RIGHT OR WRONG.

FIRST TEXT

At length, in 1776, our illustrious countryman, Adam Smith, published the “Wealth of Nations” – a work which has done for Political Economy what the Essay of Locke did for the philosophy of mind. In this work, the science was, for the first time, treated in its fullest extent; and the fundamental principles on which the production of wealth depends, established beyond the reach of cavil and dispute. In opposition to the Economists, Dr. Smith has shown that labor is the only source of wealth, and that the wish to augment our fortunes and to rise in the world – a wish that comes with us from the womb, and never leaves us till we go into the grave – is the cause of wealth being saved and accumulated: he has shown that labor is productive of wealth when employed in manufactures and commerce, as well as when it is employed in the cultivation of the land; he has traced the various means by which labor may be rendered most effective; and has given a most admirable analysis and exposition of the prodigious addition made to its powers by its division among different individuals and countries, and by the employment of accumulated wealth, or capital, in industrious undertakings. He has also shown, in opposition to the commonly received opinions of the merchants, politicians, and statesmen of his time, that wealth does not consist in the abundance of gold and silver, but enjoyments of human life; that it is in every case sound policy to leave individuals to pursue their own interest in their own way; that in prosecuting branches of industry advantageous to themselves, they necessarily prosecute such as are, at the same time, advantageous to the public; and that every regulation intended to force industry into particular channels, or to determine the species of commercial intercourse to be carried on between countries, is impolitic and pernicious – injurious to the rights of individuals – and adverse to the progress of real opulence and lasting prosperity.

J. R. McCulloch, on Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire from The Principles of Political Economy, 1830. Reprinted

in: Charles Dickens, Hard Times. W.W. Norton & Co, 1990: 318-319.

The text leads us to conclude that:

Item 2 - By “enjoyments of human life”, the author really meant “goods that render utility”.

A evolução da economia brasileira na década de 1950 e até meados dos anos 1960 foi marcada por modificações profundas na política cambial, e cada uma dessas alterações constitui um marco decisivo no processo de desenvolvimento econômico. Assim, é correto afirmar:

Item 0 - A Lei 1807 (janeiro de 1953), na prática, instituiu o sistema de taxas múltiplas de câmbio.

Assinale C (certo) ou E (errado):

Item 4 - No modelo de funcionamento dinâmico de um mercado descrito pelo Cobweb cycle a demanda na data !$ t (D _t) !$ é função do preço corrente !$ p_t !$, enquanto que a oferta !$ (S_t) !$ é função do preço praticado no período precedente !$ p_{t-1} !$. A demanda e oferta são especificadas como !$ D_t = \alpha + \beta p_t !$ e !$ S_t = γ + \delta p_{t-1} !$, em que !$ \alpha, \beta, γ, \delta !$ são constantes. Então, com o passar do tempo, o mercado converge para um equilíbrio estável se, e somente se, !$ |\delta| < | \beta| !$ e !$ (γ - \alpha) / \beta < 0 !$.

Seja X uma variável aleatória com distribuição de probabilidade que dependa do parâmetro desconhecido !$ θ !$, tal que !$ E(X) = θ !$. Seja também x₁, x₂, ..., x_n uma amostra aleatória de X.

Item 2 - Se !$ \hatθ = { \large 1 \over n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_i !$ é um estimador não viciado de !$ θ !$, então !$ \hat θ^2 !$ também será um estimador não viciado de !$ θ^2 !$.

A partir de 1968, tanto o produto global como os produtos setoriais apresentaram extraordinário crescimento. O PIB real cresceu à taxa média de 11,2% ao ano e o da indústria de transformação, 13,3% ao ano. Relativamente a esse período, conhecido como o do 'milagre brasileiro', é correto afirmar:

Item 0 - O crescimento deveu-se a condições externas favoráveis, mas influiu decisivamente a mudança na estratégia econômica do governo que passou a adotar políticas de expansão da demanda e de estímulo à produção.

Indique se a proposição abaixo, relativa ao tema dos meios de pagamento, está certo ou errado:

Item 2 - Sendo meios de pagamento definidos como M₁, um aumento na relação moeda em poder do público/depósito à vista reduz o multiplicador monetário.

Sobre o processo de industrialização por substituição de importações brasileiro é correto afirmar:

Item 1 - O Estado, além de assegurar infra-estrutura básica, exerceu o papel de empresário nos segmentos da indústria pesada que o grande capital internacional não teve interesse e o nacional não teve condições de construir.