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Public policy by the principal developed country (DC) governments since about 1979 has accepted, and probably caused, this interest upsurge. These governments, reacting against and inappropriately Keynesian response to the first (1973) oil price shock, decided to squeeze out inflation (and inflationary expectations) after the second (1978) shock. Around 1978-1984, this squeeze was attempted mainly by restraining the growth of the money supply, which led to increases in the nominal rate of interest. At the same time, the United States public sector deficits (and perhaps those in some other developed countries) added market-based upward pressure on interest rates. Rates charged by leading public institutions to borrowing governments – even on old loans – since the late 1970s have responded quickly to market conditions. There is no reason to doubt that these changes are passed on to final borrowers, especially in view of pressures by donors upon developing country governments to phase out interest rate subsidies.
In its discussion of the interest rate upsurge from about 1979 onwards, the text
Item 1 - allows for the possibility that DCs policy may have caused the rise in the rates;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Avalie o item que segue sobre a função consumo:
Item 4 - A restrição de liquidez aumenta o impacto de variações da renda corrente sobre o consumo corrente.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Avalie o item que segue, relativa ao comportamento da oferta agregada:
Item 3 - Conforme os novos keynesianos, quanto mais freqüentes forem os reajustes de preços e salários diante de choques de demanda, mais vertical será a curva de Phillips.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Os períodos de 1957-61 e 1968-73 foram de elevadas taxas de crescimento do produto. São características comuns aos dois períodos:
Item 4 - o uso de política industrial ativa visando a alterar a composição setorial do produto industrial.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Rising real rates of interest, transmitted to LDCs and to their DRAs, are likely to cause rising rates of resource degradation, via private incentives and public capacities.
Suppose a farmer is choosing between a “sustainable” way to manage land, which generates a net return of y1 each year forever, and “exhaustive” way, which generates a higher return, y2 each year for n years, after which the land has been destroyed and yields nothing. It can easily be shown that the “sustainable” path yields a higher present value if, and only if
(y2/y1) < 1 – 1/ (1 – r)n+1
Where r is the real interest rate for a n-year loan. For example, if r = 10 percent and n = 15 years, the sustainable path is chosen only if it produces at least 78 percent as much, forever, as the exhaustive path produces for 15 years before destroying the land. If r = 5 percent, the sustainable path needs to produce less, namely, 54 percent of “exhaustive” net returns, to be preferred. Clearly, the rise in real long-term rates of interest, if transmitted to DRAs, must have had enormous incentive effects on resource management, shifting it away from sustainability.
If risk is allowed for, the interest rate incentive to deplete is probably sharpened. Higher interest rates reduce the present-value burden of long-term-future downside risks, relative to that of near-term risks (and costs). The land use patterns are therefore shifted toward activities with long-term risks, such as possible long-term resource degradation.
In the analysis of the relationship between rising interest rates and rising rates of resource degradation, the text leads to the conclusion that:
Item 2 - farmers’ land management choices are limited to two;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Research outputs apart, the very structure of agricultural research is changing in response to the needs and demands of wealthy farmers, consumers, and researchers. It is well known that biotechnology is concentrated mainly on the products, conditions, and factor intensities of big Western farmers. This, and similar trends in other areas of agricultural research, threatens to substantially reduce the proportion of research devoted to the farm products, labor intensities, and local resource degradation threats that concern smallholders in poor countries. All this provides exogenously structured incentives (and funds) for international and national agricultural research systems that do not focus on reducing the rate of resource degradation in developing rural areas.
The following statements summarize some of the main ideas presented in the text:
Item 2 - Since interest rates, farm prices and the end-products of global agricultural research are all exogenous to developing country farmers, they cannot be blamed for skewed incentives which such factors create.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Alguns aspectos da economia internacional contribuíram para o rápido crescimento da economia brasileira no período do “milagre” (1968-73). Entre esses estão:
Item 0 - a rápida expansão do mercado de eurodólar;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
As operações abaixo foram registradas, no ano t, para uma economia aberta:
(a) O país recebeu donativos, em mercadorias, no valor de $20 milhões;
(b) A renda líquida enviada ao exterior foi nula;
(c) O país importou equipamentos no valor de $5 bilhões, financiados no exterior mediante empréstimo de longo prazo;
(d) Multinacionais estrangeiras reinvestiram no país lucros no valor de $10 bilhões;
(e) O país apresentou déficit em transações correntes de $30 bilhões;
(f) O país recebeu capitais de curto prazo no valor de $15 bilhões.
Com base nas informações acima, avalie o item abaixo. No ano t:
Item 0 - O PNB foi maior do que o PIB.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Sobre o desempenho da economia brasileira e a política econômica do Governo Castello Branco (1964-67), é correto afirmar que
Item 1 - o ingresso de capitais privados externos de risco e de empréstimo foi estimulado.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
A economia brasileira gerou saldos positivos na balança comercial durante toda a década de 1980. É correto afirmar que tais saldos:
Item 0 - garantiram a solvência do país frente aos credores privados internacionais, na segunda metade da década;
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
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