There have been a number of proposals, of varying degree of practicality, about how best to deal with the problem of foreign currency instability. The reintroduction of capital controls, controls on foreign borrowing, improved accountancy and less cronyism on emerging markets, a tax on capital inflows into emerging markets, a tax on foreign exchange transactions, controls on hedge funds, the reform of the International Monetary Fund so it can perform effectively the function of the lender of the last resort, and even the establishment of a world central bank are among the ideas floated by policymakers who appeared wrong-footed by the unexpected appearance of world financial crisis. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the French finance minister, has called for the construction of a “new Bretton Woods.”

According to the text, the proposals to deal with the problem of foreign currency instability

Item 3 - are prejudiced against emerging markets;

Com relação às interpretações sobre a origem da indústria no Brasil, é correto afirmar que:

Item 2 - A desvalorização do câmbio contribuiu para o crescimento industrial na medida em que permitiu o aumento da capacidade produtiva.

Sobre o Programa de Ação Econômica do Governo (PAEG), implementado pelo Governo Castelo Branco, é correto afirmar que:

Item 3 - Promoveu o financiamento do crescente déficit público por meio da venda de títulos do governo, evitando assim o impacto inflacionário do déficit.

Com respeito ao efeito renda e substituição, avalie a afirmativa:

Item 3 - Um consumidor que possui determinada dotação dos bens 1 e 2 é, inicialmente, vendedor do bem 1. Se, em resposta à diminuição do preço do bem 1, o consumidor passar de vendedor a comprador desse bem, seu bem-estar certamente diminuirá.

Although a new system of fixed currencies would necessitate a degree of capital controls, there is no evidence that this would actually inhibit economic growth. In fact, the growth rates of Western nations have actually declined since the early 1970s. Providing currencies with fixed values would also obviate the need for derivatives, which could be allowed to wither on the vine without posing any further threat to the financial system.

European businesses are the keenest supporters of the European single currency project because it saves them the cost and uncertainty of hedging their trading operations in the derivatives markets. Investors in foreign countries might forgive capital controls and restrictions on the early withdrawal of investments if they had greater confidence that economic conditions in these countries would not be suddenly undermined by speculative currency attacks. A fixed currency system would also define the limits of speculation in the manner performed by the gold standard in the nineteenth century.

According to the text, the proposed system of fixed currencies

Item 2 - could dispense with the need for derivatives;

Dispondo de renda M, um consumidor deve escolher entre os bens X e Y, cujas quantidades e preços são representadas, respectivamente, por x e y e p_x e p_y. Julgue a afirmativa:

Item 3 - Se sua função utilidade for !$ U \, ( \chi, \, y) \, = \, \sqrt{y}, !$ sua trajetória preço-consumo será dada por !$ \chi \, = \, 0. !$

Entre os fatores que determinaram o fracasso do Plano Cruzado incluem-se:

Item 4 - a persistência dos desequilíbrios nas contas públicas.

Several economists argue that central bankers should consider asset prices along with consumer prices in their inflation targets. The problem with this suggestion is that nobody can prove definitively that share prices are rising because of speculative pressure rather than a genuinely improved outlook. As Alan Greenspan asked in December 1996, “how do we know when irrational exuberance has unduly escalated asset values?” Only in retrospect does the answer to this question become clear.

According to the text:

Item 1 - Monetary policy should be used to curb unduly escalation of asset prices. Such is the suggestion of several economists.