As últimas décadas do século XVIII foram marcadas por acontecimentos internacionais com reflexos no Brasil. A conjuntura econômica e política agravava a situação do lado de cá do Atlântico, pois tinha início a passagem de um regime de monopólios para o de livre concorrência. A crise do sistema colonial foi explorada por três conspirações capazes de revelar a influência dos ideais de liberdade disseminados pela Revolução Francesa, e a ideia de que uma eventual independência da América portuguesa tomava forma.

Mary Del Priore e Renato Venâncio. Uma breve história do Brasil. São Paulo: Ed. Planeta do Brasil, 2010, p. 143-4 (com adaptações).

Tendo o texto acima como referência inicial, julgue (C ou E) o item seguinte, considerando o processo de independência do Brasil.

Entre as conspirações que exploraram o quadro de crise do sistema colonial, como apontado no texto, nenhuma foi mais importante que a Conjuração Mineira, em 1789, quando, a partir de Vila Rica — próspero centro minerador e no auge de sua capacidade exploradora —, os inconfidentes disseminaram pela colônia seus ideais emancipacionistas, republicanos e abolicionistas.

O Segundo Reinado compreende quatro décadas, abrangendo desde o golpe da Maioridade (1840) à Proclamação da República (1889) e determinando quatro períodos, que podem ser apontados como a mais longa fase da história política do Brasil. Houve um primeiro período, de organização, do Segundo Reinado — de 1840 a 1850 —, que primou pela repressão aos levantes regionais do período regencial, preparação do imperador e montagem do aparato legislativo para garantir a ordem constitucional. O segundo período — de 1850 a 1864 — caracterizou-se por certa estabilidade, quando se implementaram as primeiras iniciativas materiais de porte. No terceiro período — de 1864 a 1870 —, sobressaiu a campanha da guerra contra o Paraguai, transformada em questão nacional. O último período — de 1870 a 1889 — foi marcado não só pelo desenvolvimento econômico, mas também pelo aprofundamento das contradições, ampliado com a propaganda republicana.

Adriana Lopez e Carlos Guilherme Mota. História do Brasil: uma

interpretação. São Paulo: Editora SENAC São Paulo, 2008, p. 462-8 (com adaptações).

Tendo o texto acima como referência inicial, julgue (C ou E) o item seguinte, considerando o quadro de crise que leva à queda do regime monárquico e a sua substituição pelo regime republicano.

O texto sugere que uma das principais causas do enfraquecimento do regime monárquico foi a sua incapacidade de reorientar os rumos da economia brasileira nos anos que se seguiram ao fim da Guerra do Paraguai: a queda brusca dos preços do café no mercado internacional acarretou retrocesso econômico e instabilidade política.

Text 4 for question.

Bertrand Russell once predicted that the socialization of reproduction — the supersession of the family by the state — would “make sex love itself more trivial,” encourage “a certain triviality in all personal relations,” and “make it far more difficult to take an interest in anything after one’s own death.” At first glance, recent developments appear to have refuted the first part of this prediction. Americans today invest personal relations, particularly the relations between men and women, with undiminished emotional importance. The decline of childrearing as a major preoccupation has freed sex from its bondage to procreation and made it possible for people to value erotic life for its own sake. As the family shrinks to the marital unit, it can be argued that men and women respond more readily to each other’s emotional needs, instead of living vicariously through their offspring. The marriage contract having lost its binding character, couples now find it possible, according to many observers, to ground sexual relations in something more solid than legal compulsion. In short, the growing determination to live for the moment, whatever it may have done to the relations between parents and children, appears to have established the preconditions of a new intimacy between men and women.

This appearance is an illusion. The cult of intimacy conceals a growing despair of finding it. Personal relations crumble under the emotional weight with which they are burdened.

The inability “to take an interest in anything after one’s own death,” which gives such urgency to the pursuit of close personal encounters in the present, makes intimacy more elusive than ever. The same developments that have weakened the tie between parents and children have also undermined relations between men and women. Indeed the deterioration of marriage contributes in its own right to the deterioration of care for the young.

This last point is so obvious that only a strenuous propaganda on behalf of “open marriage” and “creative divorce” prevents us from grasping it. It is clear, for example, that the growing incidence of divorce, together with the ever-present possibility that any given marriage will end in collapse, adds to the instability of family life and deprives the child of a measure of emotional security. Enlightened opinion diverts attention from this general fact by insisting that in specific cases, parents may do more harm to their children by holding a marriage together than by dissolving it. More often the husband abandons his children to the wife whose company he finds unbearable, and the wife smothers the children with incessant yet perfunctory attentions. This particular solution to the problem of marital strain has become so common that the absence of the father impresses many observers as the most striking fact about the contemporary family. Under these conditions, a divorce in which the mother retains custody of her children merely ratifies the existing state of affairs — the effective emotional desertion of his family by the father. But the reflection that divorce often does no more damage to children than marriage itself hardly inspires rejoicing.

Christopher Lasch. The Cult of Narcissism. Abacus, Londres, 1980 p. 320-322 (adapted).

Based on the text, decide if the following statement about the author’s position about the trivialization of personal relations are right (C) or wrong (E).

He has mixed feelings about it.

Texte VIII — pour le question

Voici les vérités qui sont, selon moi, la base de toute démocratie et en particulier de la grande démocratie française : La souveraineté du peuple, le suffrage universel, la liberté de la presse sont trois choses identiques, ou, pour mieux dire, c'est la même chose sous trois noms différents ; à elles trois, elles constituent notre droit public tout entier. La première en est le principe ; la seconde en est le mode d'action ; la troisième en est l'expression multiple, animée, vivante, mobile comme la nation elle-même. Ces trois faits, ces trois principes liés d'une solidarité essentielle, ayant chacun leur fonction: la souveraineté du peuple vivifiant, le suffrage universel gouvernant, la presse éclairant, se confondent dans une étroite et indissoluble unité, et cette unité, c'est la République.

Partout où ces trois principes, souveraineté du peuple, suffrage universel, liberté de la presse, existent dans leur plénitude et dans leur toute-puissance, la République existe, même sous le mot monarchie. Là où ces trois principes sont amoindris dans leur développement, opprimés dans leur action, méconnus dans leur solidarité, contestés dans leur majesté, il y a monarchie ou oligarchie, même sous le mot république.

Victor Hugo. Discours sur la modification de la loi électorale. 9/7/1850 (extrait modifié).

Jugez, selon les arguments développés dans le texte VIII par Victor Hugo, si le item ci-dessous sont vrais (C) ou faux (E).

Dès qu’un régime porte l’étiquette de monarchie, il n’est plus possible que la République soit.

Text 5 for question.

In the pre-dawn of June 16^th, a lone voice broke the stillness. The mullahs summoned the men to prayers; for two hours the priests called and the men responded in a gathering rhythmic crescendo to psych them up to fight and die. The defenders crouched behind their makeshift barricades, listening to the eerie chants rising and falling in the darkness beyond. La Vallete had sent reinforcements across and the defenders, if already weary, were well ordered. Each man had his duty and his post. They were grouped in threes: one arquebusier to two pikemen. Large quantities of fire weapons had been stock piled, rocks gathered, and quantities of bread soaked in wine. Barrels of water stood behind the parapets into which men torched by adhesive fire could hurl themselves.

As the sun rose, there was a searching barrage of fire ‘so that the earth and the air shook’, and then Mustapha signalled the advance along a huge crescent. Suleiman’s imperial standard was unfurled; a turban was hoisted on a spear, farther down the line there was an answering puff of smoke. An extraordinary array of banners and shields were visible surging forward, ‘painted with extraordinary designs; some with devices of different birds, some with scorpions and with Arab lettering’. In the front rank men ran wildly towards the walls, calling out the name of Allah in a crescendo of shouts. From the battlements came the Christian countercalls: Jesus, Mary, St Michael, St James and St George — ‘according to the devotion of each man’. There was a furious push towards the bridge; scaling ladders were put to the walls and battle was joined. The whole front was a struggling mass of humanity fighting hand to hand.

Roger Crowley. Empires of the Sea, The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521-1580, Faber and Faber, 2008, p. 1-2

Concerning the battle proper, decide based on the text if the following statement are right (C) or wrong (E).

The Muslims seemed to be defending a fortified building.

Texto para la cuestione

Vine a Comala porque me dijeron que acá vivía mi padre, un tal Pedro Páramo. Mi madre me lo dijo. Y yo le prometí que vendría a verlo en cuanto ella muriera. Le apreté sus manos en señal de que lo haría, pues ella estaba por morirse y yo en un plan de prometerlo todo. “No dejes de ir a visitarlo—me recomendó—. Se llama de este modo y de este otro. Estoy segura de que le dará gusto conocerte.”Entonces no pude hacer otra cosa sino decirle que así lo haría, y de tanto decírselo se lo seguí diciendo aun después que a mis manos les costó trabajo zafarse de sus manos muertas.

Todavía antes me había dicho:—No vayas a pedirle nada. Exígele lo nuestro. Lo que estuvo obligado a darme y nunca me dio... El olvido en que nos tuvo, mi hijo, cóbraselo caro.

—Así lo haré, madre.

Pero no pensé cumplir mi promesa. Hasta que ahora pronto comencé a llenarme de sueños, a darle vuelo a las ilusiones. Y de este modo se me fue formando un mundo alrededor de la esperanza que era aquel señor llamado Pedro Páramo, el marido de mi madre. Por eso vine a Comala. Era ese tipo de canícula, cuando el aire de agosto sopla caliente, envenenado por el olor podrido, de las saponarias.

El camino subía y bajaba; “sube o baja según se va o se viene. Para el que va, sube; para el que viene, baja.”

—¿Cómo dice usted que se llama el pueblo que se ve allá abajo?
—Comala, señor.
—¿Está seguro de que ya es Comala?
—Seguro, señor.
—¿Y por qué se ve esto tan triste?
—Son los tiempos, señor.

Yo imaginaba ver aquello a través de los recuerdos de mi madre; de su nostalgia entre retazos de suspiros. Siempre vivió ella suspirando por Comala, por el retorno; pero jamás volvió. Ahora yo vengo en su lugar. Traigo los ojos con que ella miró estas cosas, porque me dio sus ojos para ver:

“Hay allí, pasando el puerto de los Colimotes, la vista muy hermosa de una llanura verde, algo amarilla por el maíz maduro; desde ese lugar se ve Comala, blanqueando por la tierra, iluminándola durante la noche.” Y su voz era secreta, casi apagada, como si hablara consigo misma... Mi madre.

—¿Y a qué va usted a Comala, si se puede saber?—oí que me preguntaban.
—Voy a ver a mi padre—contesté.
—¡Ah!—dijo él.
Y volvimos al silencio.

Caminábamos cuesta abajo, oyendo el trote rebotado de los burros. Los ojos reventados por el sopor del sueño, en la canícula de agosto.

—Bonita fiesta le va a armar—volví a oír la voz del que iba allí a mi lado—. Se pondrá contento de ver a alguien después de tantos años que nadie viene por aquí.

Luego añadió:

—Sea usted quien sea, se alegrará de verlo.

En la reverberación del sol, la llanura parecía una laguna transparente, deshecha en vapores por donde se traslucía un horizonte gris. Y más allá, una línea de montañas. Y todavía más allá, la más remota lejanía.

—¿Y qué trazas tiene su padre, si se puede saber?
—No lo conozco—le dije—. Sólo sé que se llama

Pedro Páramo.

—¡Ah!, vaya.
—Sí, así me dijeron que se llamaba.
Oí otra vez el “¡ah!” del arriero.

Juan Rulfo. Pedro Páramo. Cátedra. Madrid, 2005 (con adaptaciones).

En la expresión “de tanto decírselo se lo seguí diciendo”, el vocablo

“se” suplanta al padre.

Texte VII — pour le question

Examinons mes personnages.

«Est-ce que Gervaise et Coupeau sont des fainéants et des ivrognes ? En aucune façon. Ils deviennent des fainéants et des ivrognes, ce qui est une tout autre affaire. Cela d’ailleurs est le roman lui-même ; si l’on supprime leur chute, le roman n’existe plus, et je ne pourrais l’écrire. Mais, de grâce, qu’on me lise avec attention. Un tiers du volume n’est-il pas employé à montrer l’heureux ménage de Gervaise et de Coupeau, quand la paresse et l’ivrognerie ne sont pas encore venues ? Puis la déchéance arrive, et j’en ai ménagé chaque étape, pour montrer que le milieu et l’alcool sont les deux grands désorganisateurs, en dehors de la volonté des personnages. Gervaise est la plus sympathique et la plus tendre des figures que j’ai encore créées ; elle reste bonne jusqu’au bout. Coupeau lui-même, dans l’effrayante maladie qui s’empare peu à peu de lui, garde le côté bon enfant de sa nature. Ce sont des patients, rien de plus.

Quant à Nana, elle est un produit. J’ai voulu mon drame complet. Il fallait une enfant perdue dans le ménage. Elle est fille d’alcoolisés, elle subit la fatalité de la misère et du vice. Je dirai encore : consultez les statistiques et vous verrez si j’ai menti. »

Emile Zola. Lettre au directeur du « bien public ». 1877. In : Litterature 1^ère, p.355. Ed. Hatier.

Jugez le item ci-dessous en répondant vrai (C) ou faux (E) aux affirmations suivantes, concernant le texte VII.

« d’ailleurs » est mis ici pour d’autre part.