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Text
Most trade between friendly nations, particularly those who operate within the multilaterally agreed rules of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other relevant international agreements, proceeds smoothly. However, disputes do arise, and they fall into three main categories: (i) Conflicts of policy between sovereign governments which then have an impact on their mutual trade and investment; (ii) Disputes over practical trade actions which are initiated by governments, or get escalated to the intergovernmental level; and (iii) Disputes over the proper application to trade of internationally agreed standards in broader policy areas like environmental protection or labour conditions. All such disputes require diplomatic intervention, sometimes by generalist diplomats, but most often by technical trade specialists.
Sometime ago, the most visible trade-related dispute was that between the United States Government and BP over the disastrous Macondo oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. However, this is not a typical case. The principal company involved happens to be UK-based (though BP has almost as many US shareholders as British), but a similar disaster could occur at any time to a US-based operator. No intergovernmental differences of substance are at stake — the British Government became involved only indirectly, and because of the knock-on effects which the costs of this accident will have on BP shareholders and on pension funds in the UK.
Michael Johnson. The impact of political and diplomatic disputes on international business activity. Internet: <www.ibde.org> (adapted.).
Decide whether the following statements are right or wrong according to text.
Never before has there been a dispute between the US Government and BP.
Provas
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Text
Most trade between friendly nations, particularly those who operate within the multilaterally agreed rules of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other relevant international agreements, proceeds smoothly. However, disputes do arise, and they fall into three main categories: (i) Conflicts of policy between sovereign governments which then have an impact on their mutual trade and investment; (ii) Disputes over practical trade actions which are initiated by governments, or get escalated to the intergovernmental level; and (iii) Disputes over the proper application to trade of internationally agreed standards in broader policy areas like environmental protection or labour conditions. All such disputes require diplomatic intervention, sometimes by generalist diplomats, but most often by technical trade specialists.
Sometime ago, the most visible trade-related dispute was that between the United States Government and BP over the disastrous Macondo oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. However, this is not a typical case. The principal company involved happens to be UK-based (though BP has almost as many US shareholders as British), but a similar disaster could occur at any time to a US-based operator. No intergovernmental differences of substance are at stake — the British Government became involved only indirectly, and because of the knock-on effects which the costs of this accident will have on BP shareholders and on pension funds in the UK.
Michael Johnson. The impact of political and diplomatic disputes on international business activity. Internet: <www.ibde.org> (adapted.).
Decide whether the following statements are right or wrong according to text.
Disputes on international issues neither demand the intervention of diplomats nor of technical trade experts.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
Most trade between friendly nations, particularly those who operate within the multilaterally agreed rules of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other relevant international agreements, proceeds smoothly. However, disputes do arise, and they fall into three main categories: (i) Conflicts of policy between sovereign governments which then have an impact on their mutual trade and investment; (ii) Disputes over practical trade actions which are initiated by governments, or get escalated to the intergovernmental level; and (iii) Disputes over the proper application to trade of internationally agreed standards in broader policy areas like environmental protection or labour conditions. All such disputes require diplomatic intervention, sometimes by generalist diplomats, but most often by technical trade specialists.
Sometime ago, the most visible trade-related dispute was that between the United States Government and BP over the disastrous Macondo oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. However, this is not a typical case. The principal company involved happens to be UK-based (though BP has almost as many US shareholders as British), but a similar disaster could occur at any time to a US-based operator. No intergovernmental differences of substance are at stake — the British Government became involved only indirectly, and because of the knock-on effects which the costs of this accident will have on BP shareholders and on pension funds in the UK.
Michael Johnson. The impact of political and diplomatic disputes on international business activity. Internet: <www.ibde.org> (adapted.).
Based on text, decide whether the statements below are right or wrong.
The majority of international trade is carried out free of difficulties.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
Most trade between friendly nations, particularly those who operate within the multilaterally agreed rules of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other relevant international agreements, proceeds smoothly. However, disputes do arise, and they fall into three main categories: (i) Conflicts of policy between sovereign governments which then have an impact on their mutual trade and investment; (ii) Disputes over practical trade actions which are initiated by governments, or get escalated to the intergovernmental level; and (iii) Disputes over the proper application to trade of internationally agreed standards in broader policy areas like environmental protection or labour conditions. All such disputes require diplomatic intervention, sometimes by generalist diplomats, but most often by technical trade specialists.
Sometime ago, the most visible trade-related dispute was that between the United States Government and BP over the disastrous Macondo oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. However, this is not a typical case. The principal company involved happens to be UK-based (though BP has almost as many US shareholders as British), but a similar disaster could occur at any time to a US-based operator. No intergovernmental differences of substance are at stake — the British Government became involved only indirectly, and because of the knock-on effects which the costs of this accident will have on BP shareholders and on pension funds in the UK.
Michael Johnson. The impact of political and diplomatic disputes on international business activity. Internet: <www.ibde.org> (adapted.).
Based on text, decide whether the statements below are right or wrong.
Friendly nations are those ones which belong to WTO.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
Most trade between friendly nations, particularly those who operate within the multilaterally agreed rules of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other relevant international agreements, proceeds smoothly. However, disputes do arise, and they fall into three main categories: (i) Conflicts of policy between sovereign governments which then have an impact on their mutual trade and investment; (ii) Disputes over practical trade actions which are initiated by governments, or get escalated to the intergovernmental level; and (iii) Disputes over the proper application to trade of internationally agreed standards in broader policy areas like environmental protection or labour conditions. All such disputes require diplomatic intervention, sometimes by generalist diplomats, but most often by technical trade specialists.
Sometime ago, the most visible trade-related dispute was that between the United States Government and BP over the disastrous Macondo oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. However, this is not a typical case. The principal company involved happens to be UK-based (though BP has almost as many US shareholders as British), but a similar disaster could occur at any time to a US-based operator. No intergovernmental differences of substance are at stake — the British Government became involved only indirectly, and because of the knock-on effects which the costs of this accident will have on BP shareholders and on pension funds in the UK.
Michael Johnson. The impact of political and diplomatic disputes on international business activity. Internet: <www.ibde.org> (adapted.).
Based on text, decide whether the statements below are right or wrong.
Trade disputes can be categorized into at least three facets.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
Most trade between friendly nations, particularly those who operate within the multilaterally agreed rules of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other relevant international agreements, proceeds smoothly. However, disputes do arise, and they fall into three main categories: (i) Conflicts of policy between sovereign governments which then have an impact on their mutual trade and investment; (ii) Disputes over practical trade actions which are initiated by governments, or get escalated to the intergovernmental level; and (iii) Disputes over the proper application to trade of internationally agreed standards in broader policy areas like environmental protection or labour conditions. All such disputes require diplomatic intervention, sometimes by generalist diplomats, but most often by technical trade specialists.
Sometime ago, the most visible trade-related dispute was that between the United States Government and BP over the disastrous Macondo oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. However, this is not a typical case. The principal company involved happens to be UK-based (though BP has almost as many US shareholders as British), but a similar disaster could occur at any time to a US-based operator. No intergovernmental differences of substance are at stake — the British Government became involved only indirectly, and because of the knock-on effects which the costs of this accident will have on BP shareholders and on pension funds in the UK.
Michael Johnson. The impact of political and diplomatic disputes on international business activity. Internet: <www.ibde.org> (adapted.).
Based on text, decide whether the statements below are right or wrong.
There has never been any conflict between members of WTO.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
The basic instruments of public diplomacy are hardly new. The United States, for example, has conducted educational and cultural exchange programs for almost sixty years. Cultural diplomacy is usually an exercise in deferred gratification, since such exchange programs typically don’t offer immediate or obvious payoffs. Instead, programs such as the Fulbright educational exchanges represent a long-term strategic investment in establishing mutual trust and understanding. Similarly, the US information programs overseas have a long pedigree: the daily Washington File (formerly the Wireless File) began operation in the State Department in 1935 after an ambassador complained that the slow distribution of official information was “about as useful as a Roman ruin in a fast-changing world”.
The flow of information since has neither slowed nor stopped changing. In recent months, the biggest internal change, of course, has been integration. Public diplomacy programs, once administered by the US Information Agency, are now integrated into the Department of State under the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Moreover, public diplomacy officers serve in each of the Department’s regional and functional bureaus and in public affairs sections of the embassy.
Internet: <www.publicdiplomacy.org> (adapted.).
In text the expression “deferred gratification” could be replaced, without changing of meaning, by (decide whether the items below are right — C — or wrong — E.):
put-off gratification.
Provas
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Text
The basic instruments of public diplomacy are hardly new. The United States, for example, has conducted educational and cultural exchange programs for almost sixty years. Cultural diplomacy is usually an exercise in deferred gratification, since such exchange programs typically don’t offer immediate or obvious payoffs. Instead, programs such as the Fulbright educational exchanges represent a long-term strategic investment in establishing mutual trust and understanding. Similarly, the US information programs overseas have a long pedigree: the daily Washington File (formerly the Wireless File) began operation in the State Department in 1935 after an ambassador complained that the slow distribution of official information was “about as useful as a Roman ruin in a fast-changing world”.
The flow of information since has neither slowed nor stopped changing. In recent months, the biggest internal change, of course, has been integration. Public diplomacy programs, once administered by the US Information Agency, are now integrated into the Department of State under the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Moreover, public diplomacy officers serve in each of the Department’s regional and functional bureaus and in public affairs sections of the embassy.
Internet: <www.publicdiplomacy.org> (adapted.).
In text the expression “deferred gratification” could be replaced, without changing of meaning, by (decide whether the items below are right — C — or wrong — E.):
paid-off expectation.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
The basic instruments of public diplomacy are hardly new. The United States, for example, has conducted educational and cultural exchange programs for almost sixty years. Cultural diplomacy is usually an exercise in deferred gratification, since such exchange programs typically don’t offer immediate or obvious payoffs. Instead, programs such as the Fulbright educational exchanges represent a long-term strategic investment in establishing mutual trust and understanding. Similarly, the US information programs overseas have a long pedigree: the daily Washington File (formerly the Wireless File) began operation in the State Department in 1935 after an ambassador complained that the slow distribution of official information was “about as useful as a Roman ruin in a fast-changing world”.
The flow of information since has neither slowed nor stopped changing. In recent months, the biggest internal change, of course, has been integration. Public diplomacy programs, once administered by the US Information Agency, are now integrated into the Department of State under the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Moreover, public diplomacy officers serve in each of the Department’s regional and functional bureaus and in public affairs sections of the embassy.
Internet: <www.publicdiplomacy.org> (adapted.).
In text the expression “deferred gratification” could be replaced, without changing of meaning, by (decide whether the items below are right — C — or wrong — E.):
generous expectation.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
Text
The basic instruments of public diplomacy are hardly new. The United States, for example, has conducted educational and cultural exchange programs for almost sixty years. Cultural diplomacy is usually an exercise in deferred gratification, since such exchange programs typically don’t offer immediate or obvious payoffs. Instead, programs such as the Fulbright educational exchanges represent a long-term strategic investment in establishing mutual trust and understanding. Similarly, the US information programs overseas have a long pedigree: the daily Washington File (formerly the Wireless File) began operation in the State Department in 1935 after an ambassador complained that the slow distribution of official information was “about as useful as a Roman ruin in a fast-changing world”.
The flow of information since has neither slowed nor stopped changing. In recent months, the biggest internal change, of course, has been integration. Public diplomacy programs, once administered by the US Information Agency, are now integrated into the Department of State under the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Moreover, public diplomacy officers serve in each of the Department’s regional and functional bureaus and in public affairs sections of the embassy.
Internet: <www.publicdiplomacy.org> (adapted.).
In text the expression “deferred gratification” could be replaced, without changing of meaning, by (decide whether the items below are right — C — or wrong — E.):
expected gratification.
Provas
Questão presente nas seguintes provas
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