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COVID Airborne Transmission v. Monkeypox: Key Differences between viruses

By Aristos Georgiou

More than 1,000 cases of monkeypox have been confirmed around the world in severa! countries where the disease is not usually found - including the United States - raising queslions about how the vírus is spreading. But can monkeypox, a rare disease that is usually restricted to paris of Central and West Africa, spread via airborne transmission like the SARS-CoV-2 vírus?

Some infeclious diseases can spread through airborne transmission via tiny respiratory droplets known as aerosols that can become suspended in the air. These droplets are produced when an individual exhales, sneezes, coughs, talks, or sings, for example. These droplets can contain live viruses or other pathogens that can potenlially infect healthy people if they land in the eyes, nose or mouth.

Airborne transmission does not require face-to-face contact, and, in fact, an infected person does not even have to be in the same room as another individual to infect them because the droplets can linger in the air for some time.

Several diseases spread through airborne transmission, including measles and chickenpox. Others, meanwhile, can spread via larger respiratory droplets that do not float in the air as easily and fall to the ground faster.

SARS-CoV-2 spreads through exposure to respiratory fluids containing the infectious vírus, and, while it was not clear in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, we now know that this can include aerosols.

(Adapted from https://www.newsweek.com/)

Read the text below and answer the question

COVID Airborne Transmission v. Monkeypox: Key Differences between viruses

By Aristos Georgiou

More than 1,000 cases of monkeypox have been confirmed around the world in severa! countries where the disease is not usually found - including the United States - raising queslions about how the vírus is spreading. But can monkeypox, a rare disease that is usually restricted to paris of Central and West Africa, spread via airborne transmission like the SARS-CoV-2 vírus?

Some infeclious diseases can spread through airborne transmission via tiny respiratory droplets known as aerosols that can become suspended in the air. These droplets are produced when an individual exhales, sneezes, coughs, talks, or sings, for example. These droplets can contain live viruses or other pathogens that can potenlially infect healthy people if they land in the eyes, nose or mouth.

Airborne transmission does not require face-to-face contact, and, in fact, an infected person does not even have to be in the same room as another individual to infect them because the droplets can linger in the air for some time.

Several diseases spread through airborne transmission, including measles and chickenpox. Others, meanwhile, can spread via larger respiratory droplets that do not float in the air as easily and fall to the ground faster.

SARS-CoV-2 spreads through exposure to respiratory fluids containing the infectious vírus, and, while it was not clear in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, we now know that this can include aerosols.

(Adapted from https://www.newsweek.com/)

Read the text below and answer the question

Unmanned Vessel Plans Need lmprovement, Agency Says

By Geoff Ziezulewicz

While lhe U.S. Navy is steaming fuli speed ahead in developing unmanned surface and undersea drenes to augment the fleet of the future, the information technology and lhe artificial intelligence that will drive these platforms remain a work in progress. The sea service needs to better map out its efforts, according to a recent government watchdog report.

Navy shipbuilding plans call for spending more than $4 billion on such drenes over the next five years, but that plan "does not account for the full costs to develop and operate these systems," a Government Accountability Office report found.

Replacing crews requires IT and AI capabilities that the Navy has just begun to examine.

GAO's audit, which began in October 2020, found that the Navy is "only beginning to assess (unmanned systems') effects on existing shipbuilding plans."

"While the Navy has outlined a plan to spend $4.3 billion on uncrewed maritime systems in its shipbuilding plan, we found that this understates the costs associated with these systems because it does not account for all costs - specificaliy operations and sustainment, and the digital infrastructure necessary to enable them," the repor! states.

Funding unmanned development could also come under pressure from competing shipbuilding demands. The report found that the Navy has yet to stand up criteria for evaluating prototypes or developing better schedules for such prototype efforts.

The Navy is looking to introdüce several unmanned systems into the fleet in the coming decades, according to GAO, and while some software will be unique to each platform, the Navy also wants to have a lot of common digital infrastructure among these vehicles.

This digital infrastructure would involve AI capabilities built over time to better help the platforms communicate, sense their surroundings and manage reams of data, the report states.

Navy officials told GAO that the sea service needs a host of technologies, including simulation software, software for autonomy and mission planning, large datasets for machine learning, as well as commercial tech and software that can be quickly bought and melded into Navy systems.

Among its recommendations, the report states that lhe Navy should provide Congress with a cost estimate for the full scope of work that will be required to make unmanned systems part of the fleet, while developing an approach to refine this estimate in the next shipbuilding plan.

The service should also establish an "uncrewed maritime systems portfolio" and offer more detail about how it intends to reach its unmanned objectives.

(Adapted from Navy Times. May 2022, p. 15.https://www.navytimes.com/)

Read the text below and answer the question

Unmanned Vessel Plans Need lmprovement, Agency Says

By Geoff Ziezulewicz

While lhe U.S. Navy is steaming fuli speed ahead in developing unmanned surface and undersea drenes to augment the fleet of the future, the information technology and lhe artificial intelligence that will drive these platforms remain a work in progress. The sea service needs to better map out its efforts, according to a recent government watchdog report.

Navy shipbuilding plans call for spending more than $4 billion on such drenes over the next five years, but that plan "does not account for the full costs to develop and operate these systems," a Government Accountability Office report found.

Replacing crews requires IT and AI capabilities that the Navy has just begun to examine.

GAO's audit, which began in October 2020, found that the Navy is "only beginning to assess (unmanned systems') effects on existing shipbuilding plans."

"While the Navy has outlined a plan to spend $4.3 billion on uncrewed maritime systems in its shipbuilding plan, we found that this understates the costs associated with these systems because it does not account for all costs - specificaliy operations and sustainment, and the digital infrastructure necessary to enable them," the repor! states.

Funding unmanned development could also come under pressure from competing shipbuilding demands. The report found that the Navy has yet to stand up criteria for evaluating prototypes or developing better schedules for such prototype efforts.

The Navy is looking to introdüce several unmanned systems into the fleet in the coming decades, according to GAO, and while some software will be unique to each platform, the Navy also wants to have a lot of common digital infrastructure among these vehicles.

This digital infrastructure would involve AI capabilities built over time to better help the platforms communicate, sense their surroundings and manage reams of data, the report states.

Navy officials told GAO that the sea service needs a host of technologies, including simulation software, software for autonomy and mission planning, large datasets for machine learning, as well as commercial tech and software that can be quickly bought and melded into Navy systems.

Among its recommendations, the report states that lhe Navy should provide Congress with a cost estimate for the full scope of work that will be required to make unmanned systems part of the fleet, while developing an approach to refine this estimate in the next shipbuilding plan.

The service should also establish an "uncrewed maritime systems portfolio" and offer more detail about how it intends to reach its unmanned objectives.

(Adapted from Navy Times. May 2022, p. 15.https://www.navytimes.com/)