Texto 1 O conceito de língua

Língua é um conceito inalcançável por critérios apenas linguísticos. Falantes de diferentes variedades se reconhecem, por razões históricas, socioculturais e políticas, como falantes da mesma língua, ainda que haja poucas semelhanças léxico-gramaticais entre as variedades e, em certas situações, não haja sequer mútua inteligibilidade, como no caso dos falantes de chinês; ou dos falantes do iraquiano e do marroquino que se consideram todos falantes de árabe.

A língua “comum”, a que se dá um nome singular (português ou a língua portuguesa, por exemplo), é, de fato, um ente construído pelo imaginário social que, por um complexo entrelaçamento de fatores históricos, políticos e socioculturais, idealiza um objeto uno onde não há, efetivamente, unidade. O imaginário social se utiliza de uma rede conceitual para manter essa idealização em pé. Um dos mecanismos operativos aí presentes é confundir uma determinada variedade com a própria língua – é a chamada ideologia da língua-padrão/norma-padrão (cf. Milroy, 2011). Ao identificar a língua exclusivamente com as formas padronizadas, esse modelo ideológico desqualifica a heterogeneidade linguística e os processos de variação e mudança.

Do ponto de vista estritamente linguístico, a realidade recortada e identificada como uma língua é constituída por um conjunto de variedades, de normas, de gramáticas. Se não perdermos de vista essa perspectiva da heterogeneidade intrínseca do que chamamos de língua, podemos, em princípio, continuar a usar, por razões práticas, esse termo e suas designações singulares. Dizer isso não implica afirmar que a constituição e o funcionamento sociocultural do ente língua não sejam relevantes.

Destrinçar o emaranhado de critérios culturais e políticos que historicamente dá forma ao conceito imaginário de língua, assim como explicar seu funcionamento sociocultural constituem tarefas da Linguística. Nesse caso, os linguistas não podem trabalhar de forma isolada. Precisam se associar aos historiadores, antropólogos, sociólogos e psicólogos sociais. Só uma investigação multidisciplinar pode esclarecer essa intrincada questão.

FARACO, Carlos Alberto; ZILLES, Ana Maria. Para conhecer norma

linguística. São Paulo: Contexto, 2017. p. 29-31. Adaptado.

Considere o trecho abaixo (1º parágrafo do texto 1) em seu contexto.

Falantes de diferentes variedades se reconhecem, por razões históricas, socioculturais e políticas, como falantes da mesma língua, ainda que haja poucas semelhanças léxico-gramaticais entre as variedades e, em certas situações, não haja sequer mútua inteligibilidade, como no caso dos falantes de chinês.

Analise as afirmativas abaixo:

1. Os segmentos “por razões históricas, socioculturais e políticas” e “em certas situações” são constituintes circunstanciais que estão sintaticamente intercalados na frase.

2. O vocábulo “como”, nas duas ocorrências, funciona como conjunção comparativa.

3. O verbo haver, nas duas ocorrências da forma “haja”, funciona como verbo existencial e é impessoal.

4. A preposição “por” introduz uma informação que expressa o lugar onde os falantes se reconhecem, em determinado tempo, como usuários de uma mesma língua.

5. O conector “ainda que” introduz uma oração subordinada cujo conteúdo é contrário ao da afirmação contida na oração principal, mas que não é suficiente para anular este último.

Assinale a alternativa que indica todas as afirmativas corretas.

Texto 1 O conceito de língua

Língua é um conceito inalcançável por critérios apenas linguísticos. Falantes de diferentes variedades se reconhecem, por razões históricas, socioculturais e políticas, como falantes da mesma língua, ainda que haja poucas semelhanças léxico-gramaticais entre as variedades e, em certas situações, não haja sequer mútua inteligibilidade, como no caso dos falantes de chinês; ou dos falantes do iraquiano e do marroquino que se consideram todos falantes de árabe.

A língua “comum”, a que se dá um nome singular (português ou a língua portuguesa, por exemplo), é, de fato, um ente construído pelo imaginário social que, por um complexo entrelaçamento de fatores históricos, políticos e socioculturais, idealiza um objeto uno onde não há, efetivamente, unidade. O imaginário social se utiliza de uma rede conceitual para manter essa idealização em pé. Um dos mecanismos operativos aí presentes é confundir uma determinada variedade com a própria língua – é a chamada ideologia da língua-padrão/norma-padrão (cf. Milroy, 2011). Ao identificar a língua exclusivamente com as formas padronizadas, esse modelo ideológico desqualifica a heterogeneidade linguística e os processos de variação e mudança.

Do ponto de vista estritamente linguístico, a realidade recortada e identificada como uma língua é constituída por um conjunto de variedades, de normas, de gramáticas. Se não perdermos de vista essa perspectiva da heterogeneidade intrínseca do que chamamos de língua, podemos, em princípio, continuar a usar, por razões práticas, esse termo e suas designações singulares. Dizer isso não implica afirmar que a constituição e o funcionamento sociocultural do ente língua não sejam relevantes.

Destrinçar o emaranhado de critérios culturais e políticos que historicamente dá forma ao conceito imaginário de língua, assim como explicar seu funcionamento sociocultural constituem tarefas da Linguística. Nesse caso, os linguistas não podem trabalhar de forma isolada. Precisam se associar aos historiadores, antropólogos, sociólogos e psicólogos sociais. Só uma investigação multidisciplinar pode esclarecer essa intrincada questão.

FARACO, Carlos Alberto; ZILLES, Ana Maria. Para conhecer norma

linguística. São Paulo: Contexto, 2017. p. 29-31. Adaptado.

Identifique abaixo as afirmativas verdadeiras ( V ) e as falsas ( F ), em consonância com o texto 1.

( ) A língua é uma entidade recortada por um entrecruzamento de critérios históricos, socioculturais e políticos.

( ) Definida de uma perspectiva linguística, a língua equivale à norma-padrão.

( ) A heterogeneidade constitutiva da língua está diretamente relacionada com a diversidade dos grupos humanos que se reconhecem como seus falantes.

( ) Cada língua é constituída por diferentes normas e diferentes gramáticas.

( ) O principal critério para se reconhecer uma língua é a capacidade de compreensão interfalantes.

Assinale a alternativa que indica a sequência correta, de cima para baixo.

Texto 1 O conceito de língua

Língua é um conceito inalcançável por critérios apenas linguísticos. Falantes de diferentes variedades se reconhecem, por razões históricas, socioculturais e políticas, como falantes da mesma língua, ainda que haja poucas semelhanças léxico-gramaticais entre as variedades e, em certas situações, não haja sequer mútua inteligibilidade, como no caso dos falantes de chinês; ou dos falantes do iraquiano e do marroquino que se consideram todos falantes de árabe.

A língua “comum”, a que se dá um nome singular (português ou a língua portuguesa, por exemplo), é, de fato, um ente construído pelo imaginário social que, por um complexo entrelaçamento de fatores históricos, políticos e socioculturais, idealiza um objeto uno onde não há, efetivamente, unidade. O imaginário social se utiliza de uma rede conceitual para manter essa idealização em pé. Um dos mecanismos operativos aí presentes é confundir uma determinada variedade com a própria língua – é a chamada ideologia da língua-padrão/norma-padrão (cf. Milroy, 2011). Ao identificar a língua exclusivamente com as formas padronizadas, esse modelo ideológico desqualifica a heterogeneidade linguística e os processos de variação e mudança.

Do ponto de vista estritamente linguístico, a realidade recortada e identificada como uma língua é constituída por um conjunto de variedades, de normas, de gramáticas. Se não perdermos de vista essa perspectiva da heterogeneidade intrínseca do que chamamos de língua, podemos, em princípio, continuar a usar, por razões práticas, esse termo e suas designações singulares. Dizer isso não implica afirmar que a constituição e o funcionamento sociocultural do ente língua não sejam relevantes.

Destrinçar o emaranhado de critérios culturais e políticos que historicamente dá forma ao conceito imaginário de língua, assim como explicar seu funcionamento sociocultural constituem tarefas da Linguística. Nesse caso, os linguistas não podem trabalhar de forma isolada. Precisam se associar aos historiadores, antropólogos, sociólogos e psicólogos sociais. Só uma investigação multidisciplinar pode esclarecer essa intrincada questão.

FARACO, Carlos Alberto; ZILLES, Ana Maria. Para conhecer norma

linguística. São Paulo: Contexto, 2017. p. 29-31. Adaptado.

Assinale a alternativa correta, de acordo com o texto 1.

Nice to meet you

One of the things you learn when studying English is how to present yourself and most people learn phrases such as “How do you do?” or “Hi, my name is…”. However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions. British people are not very good at introductions in informal situations. They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands. Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.

Expressions like “Hello, I’m John Smith”, “Hi, my name is…” are only used when we have to identify ourselves; for example when we go to an appointment at the dentist’s or the hairdresser’s, or if we’re telephoning someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy. In informal social situations, British people prefer to stay chatting about something neutral like the weather, or else they use humour to break the ice. When the conversation has progressed, or even just before leaving, you can say, “I’m Ann, by the way.”, or “I didn’t catch your name”. If you meet the person again you can say, “Hello again” or, more colloquially, “Hi ya”, which stands for “Hello, nice to see you again”.

In the case of formal meetings or business situations, many language courses teach the expression “How do you do?” – to which you should answer “How do you do?”. This phrase is also recommended by the website ediplomat.com and Drett’, the famous specialist publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette. I have said “How do you do” in my entire life and no one has never said that to me! In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations. It is, however, something that people over 60 might say, so if your elderly boss or professor uses this expression with you, then it’s polite to answer in the same way.

Choose the alternative that presents correctly the Method for Foreign Learning Teaching that has its focus on studying grammatical rules and morphology, doing written exercises, memorizing vocabulary, translating texts from passages into the language.

Nice to meet you

One of the things you learn when studying English is how to present yourself and most people learn phrases such as “How do you do?” or “Hi, my name is…”. However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions. British people are not very good at introductions in informal situations. They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands. Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.

Expressions like “Hello, I’m John Smith”, “Hi, my name is…” are only used when we have to identify ourselves; for example when we go to an appointment at the dentist’s or the hairdresser’s, or if we’re telephoning someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy. In informal social situations, British people prefer to stay chatting about something neutral like the weather, or else they use humour to break the ice. When the conversation has progressed, or even just before leaving, you can say, “I’m Ann, by the way.”, or “I didn’t catch your name”. If you meet the person again you can say, “Hello again” or, more colloquially, “Hi ya”, which stands for “Hello, nice to see you again”.

In the case of formal meetings or business situations, many language courses teach the expression “How do you do?” – to which you should answer “How do you do?”. This phrase is also recommended by the website ediplomat.com and Drett’, the famous specialist publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette. I have said “How do you do” in my entire life and no one has never said that to me! In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations. It is, however, something that people over 60 might say, so if your elderly boss or professor uses this expression with you, then it’s polite to answer in the same way.

The following underlined words in the sentences: ‘…someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy.’, are:

Nice to meet you

One of the things you learn when studying English is how to present yourself and most people learn phrases such as “How do you do?” or “Hi, my name is…”. However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions. British people are not very good at introductions in informal situations. They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands. Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.

Expressions like “Hello, I’m John Smith”, “Hi, my name is…” are only used when we have to identify ourselves; for example when we go to an appointment at the dentist’s or the hairdresser’s, or if we’re telephoning someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy. In informal social situations, British people prefer to stay chatting about something neutral like the weather, or else they use humour to break the ice. When the conversation has progressed, or even just before leaving, you can say, “I’m Ann, by the way.”, or “I didn’t catch your name”. If you meet the person again you can say, “Hello again” or, more colloquially, “Hi ya”, which stands for “Hello, nice to see you again”.

In the case of formal meetings or business situations, many language courses teach the expression “How do you do?” – to which you should answer “How do you do?”. This phrase is also recommended by the website ediplomat.com and Drett’, the famous specialist publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette. I have said “How do you do” in my entire life and no one has never said that to me! In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations. It is, however, something that people over 60 might say, so if your elderly boss or professor uses this expression with you, then it’s polite to answer in the same way.

The word best in ‘In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations.’ is an adjective in the:

Nice to meet you

One of the things you learn when studying English is how to present yourself and most people learn phrases such as “How do you do?” or “Hi, my name is…”. However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions. British people are not very good at introductions in informal situations. They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands. Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.

Expressions like “Hello, I’m John Smith”, “Hi, my name is…” are only used when we have to identify ourselves; for example when we go to an appointment at the dentist’s or the hairdresser’s, or if we’re telephoning someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy. In informal social situations, British people prefer to stay chatting about something neutral like the weather, or else they use humour to break the ice. When the conversation has progressed, or even just before leaving, you can say, “I’m Ann, by the way.”, or “I didn’t catch your name”. If you meet the person again you can say, “Hello again” or, more colloquially, “Hi ya”, which stands for “Hello, nice to see you again”.

In the case of formal meetings or business situations, many language courses teach the expression “How do you do?” – to which you should answer “How do you do?”. This phrase is also recommended by the website ediplomat.com and Drett’, the famous specialist publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette. I have said “How do you do” in my entire life and no one has never said that to me! In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations. It is, however, something that people over 60 might say, so if your elderly boss or professor uses this expression with you, then it’s polite to answer in the same way.

Analyze the sentences according to structure and grammar use.

1. The words ‘can’, ‘should’ and ‘might’, underlined in the text are examples of modal verbs.

2. The negative form of: ‘…publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette.’, is: …” publisher that doesn’t have a range of guides on British etiquette.

3. The underlined words in the following sentence: ‘They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands.’ Are examples of nouns.

4. The affirmative form of: ‘“I didn’t catch your name.” is: “I catched your name.”

Choose the alternative which presents the correct ones:

Nice to meet you

One of the things you learn when studying English is how to present yourself and most people learn phrases such as “How do you do?” or “Hi, my name is…”. However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions. British people are not very good at introductions in informal situations. They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands. Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.

Expressions like “Hello, I’m John Smith”, “Hi, my name is…” are only used when we have to identify ourselves; for example when we go to an appointment at the dentist’s or the hairdresser’s, or if we’re telephoning someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy. In informal social situations, British people prefer to stay chatting about something neutral like the weather, or else they use humour to break the ice. When the conversation has progressed, or even just before leaving, you can say, “I’m Ann, by the way.”, or “I didn’t catch your name”. If you meet the person again you can say, “Hello again” or, more colloquially, “Hi ya”, which stands for “Hello, nice to see you again”.

In the case of formal meetings or business situations, many language courses teach the expression “How do you do?” – to which you should answer “How do you do?”. This phrase is also recommended by the website ediplomat.com and Drett’, the famous specialist publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette. I have said “How do you do” in my entire life and no one has never said that to me! In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations. It is, however, something that people over 60 might say, so if your elderly boss or professor uses this expression with you, then it’s polite to answer in the same way.

Read the following paragraph:

Communicative language teaching focuses on developing the of communication in learners in situations. It focuses on rather than accuracy.

Richards and Rodgers, 2001.

Choose the alternative that contains the correct words to complete the missing ones.

Nice to meet you

One of the things you learn when studying English is how to present yourself and most people learn phrases such as “How do you do?” or “Hi, my name is…”. However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions. British people are not very good at introductions in informal situations. They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands. Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.

Expressions like “Hello, I’m John Smith”, “Hi, my name is…” are only used when we have to identify ourselves; for example when we go to an appointment at the dentist’s or the hairdresser’s, or if we’re telephoning someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy. In informal social situations, British people prefer to stay chatting about something neutral like the weather, or else they use humour to break the ice. When the conversation has progressed, or even just before leaving, you can say, “I’m Ann, by the way.”, or “I didn’t catch your name”. If you meet the person again you can say, “Hello again” or, more colloquially, “Hi ya”, which stands for “Hello, nice to see you again”.

In the case of formal meetings or business situations, many language courses teach the expression “How do you do?” – to which you should answer “How do you do?”. This phrase is also recommended by the website ediplomat.com and Drett’, the famous specialist publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette. I have said “How do you do” in my entire life and no one has never said that to me! In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations. It is, however, something that people over 60 might say, so if your elderly boss or professor uses this expression with you, then it’s polite to answer in the same way.

In the sentence:

‘Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.’

In the following sentence: ‘However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions.’, the word in bold can be replaced, without changing its meaning, by:

Nice to meet you

One of the things you learn when studying English is how to present yourself and most people learn phrases such as “How do you do?” or “Hi, my name is…”. However, one thing that language teachers don’t explain is that British people very rarely use these expressions. British people are not very good at introductions in informal situations. They are not sure what to say or what do with their hands. Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.

Expressions like “Hello, I’m John Smith”, “Hi, my name is…” are only used when we have to identify ourselves; for example when we go to an appointment at the dentist’s or the hairdresser’s, or if we’re telephoning someone to ask for information about ourselves. Dialogues in school books where English teenagers present themselves to each other on the first day of school are pure fantasy. In informal social situations, British people prefer to stay chatting about something neutral like the weather, or else they use humour to break the ice. When the conversation has progressed, or even just before leaving, you can say, “I’m Ann, by the way.”, or “I didn’t catch your name”. If you meet the person again you can say, “Hello again” or, more colloquially, “Hi ya”, which stands for “Hello, nice to see you again”.

In the case of formal meetings or business situations, many language courses teach the expression “How do you do?” – to which you should answer “How do you do?”. This phrase is also recommended by the website ediplomat.com and Drett’, the famous specialist publisher that has a range of guides on British etiquette. I have said “How do you do” in my entire life and no one has never said that to me! In today’s Britain this expression is best reserved for extremely formal situations. It is, however, something that people over 60 might say, so if your elderly boss or professor uses this expression with you, then it’s polite to answer in the same way.

In the sentence:

‘Whereas Brazilians or Americans will confidently extend their hands to people they meet at parties or social situations, English people prefer just to smile.’

The underlined word has its correct meaning in which alternative?