El Gobierno ha sugerido que aspira a rentabilizar al máximo el espacio radioléctrico y cobrar un peaje a todos los medios (radio, televisión, telefonía móvil) que utilicen las ondas para difundir sus señales y transportar sus servicios. Según la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones (LGT), el importe cobrado se destinará a "financiar la investigación y la formación en materia de telecomunicaciones".

Hasta ahora, los medios que más cotizan son las cadenas de radio. Desde 1989 pagan un canon radioléctrico por todas y cada una de las frecuencias que utilizan para difundir sus emisiones y también por otros servicios. En el primer caso, la tarifa se establece en función de la altura efectiva y la potencia de la emisora. La horquilla de precios oscila entre 1,4 millones y 10.000 pesetas, aunque la media por emisora se sitúa en 150.000 pesetas.

Los operadores de radio digital con licencia no se librarán del canon. El Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología ha pasado ya a los adjudicatarios el recibo correspondiente. Pero el Gobierno no mide a todos los operadores con el mismo rasero. Según el artículo 73 de la LGT, el grupo estatal Radiotelevisión Española (RTVE) está exento de este pago.

En el texto se dice que:

The sales tax, also known as the excise tax, is one of the oldest, and therefore one of the most reviled, of all levies. Revolutions and rebellions have been fought over it. But the battle today over whether to tax Internet sales, while not violent, is as heated as any. Even Republicans, who almost never disagree about taxes, are at each other's throats on the issue. Virginia governor Jim Gilmore opposes new taxes on e-commerce as a way to spur the Net, while Utah governor Michael Leavitt thinks online sales must be taxed to keep state and local governments solvent. A congressional commission that was supposed to settle the issue ended in deadlock earlier this year.

Citizens have every right to grouse about the ill effects of sales taxes on Net growth, but the right of governments to impose them isn't in dispute. What's more, lawmakers don't have much of a policy reason not to apply a sales tax to commerce over the Internet. Thus the surprise of the Internet debate: Despite all the hyperbole pouring out of the mouths of politicians lately, cyberspace almost certainly won't remain a (nearly) tax-free zone forever. For now, the federal government has imposed a moratorium on new Internet taxes through October 2001.

When the author states that the sales tax is one of the most reviled of all levies, he means that it

The sales tax, also known as the excise tax, is one of the oldest, and therefore one of the most reviled, of all levies. Revolutions and rebellions have been fought over it. But the battle today over whether to tax Internet sales, while not violent, is as heated as any. Even Republicans, who almost never disagree about taxes, are at each other's throats on the issue. Virginia governor Jim Gilmore opposes new taxes on e-commerce as a way to spur the Net, while Utah governor Michael Leavitt thinks online sales must be taxed to keep state and local governments solvent. A congressional commission that was supposed to settle the issue ended in deadlock earlier this year.

Citizens have every right to grouse about the ill effects of sales taxes on Net growth, but the right of governments to impose them isn't in dispute. What's more, lawmakers don't have much of a policy reason not to apply a sales tax to commerce over the Internet. Thus the surprise of the Internet debate: Despite all the hyperbole pouring out of the mouths of politicians lately, cyberspace almost certainly won't remain a (nearly) tax-free zone forever. For now, the federal government has imposed a moratorium on new Internet taxes through October 2001.

Concerning the issue of taxing e.commerce, a congressional commission

The sales tax, also known as the excise tax, is one of the oldest, and therefore one of the most reviled, of all levies. Revolutions and rebellions have been fought over it. But the battle today over whether to tax Internet sales, while not violent, is as heated as any. Even Republicans, who almost never disagree about taxes, are at each other's throats on the issue. Virginia governor Jim Gilmore opposes new taxes on e-commerce as a way to spur the Net, while Utah governor Michael Leavitt thinks online sales must be taxed to keep state and local governments solvent. A congressional commission that was supposed to settle the issue ended in deadlock earlier this year.

Citizens have every right to grouse about the ill effects of sales taxes on Net growth, but the right of governments to impose them isn't in dispute. What's more, lawmakers don't have much of a policy reason not to apply a sales tax to commerce over the Internet. Thus the surprise of the Internet debate: Despite all the hyperbole pouring out of the mouths of politicians lately, cyberspace almost certainly won't remain a (nearly) tax-free zone forever. For now, the federal government has imposed a moratorium on new Internet taxes through October 2001.

According to the headline of the text, a tax-free zone

The sales tax, also known as the excise tax, is one of the oldest, and therefore one of the most reviled, of all levies. Revolutions and rebellions have been fought over it. But the battle today over whether to tax Internet sales, while not violent, is as heated as any. Even Republicans, who almost never disagree about taxes, are at each other's throats on the issue. Virginia governor Jim Gilmore opposes new taxes on e-commerce as a way to spur the Net, while Utah governor Michael Leavitt thinks online sales must be taxed to keep state and local governments solvent. A congressional commission that was supposed to settle the issue ended in deadlock earlier this year.

Citizens have every right to grouse about the ill effects of sales taxes on Net growth, but the right of governments to impose them isn't in dispute. What's more, lawmakers don't have much of a policy reason not to apply a sales tax to commerce over the Internet. Thus the surprise of the Internet debate: Despite all the hyperbole pouring out of the mouths of politicians lately, cyberspace almost certainly won't remain a (nearly) tax-free zone forever. For now, the federal government has imposed a moratorium on new Internet taxes through October 2001.

In the present context, levies are

The sales tax, also known as the excise tax, is one of the oldest, and therefore one of the most reviled, of all levies. Revolutions and rebellions have been fought over it. But the battle today over whether to tax Internet sales, while not violent, is as heated as any. Even Republicans, who almost never disagree about taxes, are at each other's throats on the issue. Virginia governor Jim Gilmore opposes new taxes on e-commerce as a way to spur the Net, while Utah governor Michael Leavitt thinks online sales must be taxed to keep state and local governments solvent. A congressional commission that was supposed to settle the issue ended in deadlock earlier this year.

Citizens have every right to grouse about the ill effects of sales taxes on Net growth, but the right of governments to impose them isn't in dispute. What's more, lawmakers don't have much of a policy reason not to apply a sales tax to commerce over the Internet. Thus the surprise of the Internet debate: Despite all the hyperbole pouring out of the mouths of politicians lately, cyberspace almost certainly won't remain a (nearly) tax-free zone forever. For now, the federal government has imposed a moratorium on new Internet taxes through October 2001.

In connection with taxation of e-commerce, the text does not mention

Read the text below in order to answer question


Up until 5 April 1999, investors received dividends from stocks and shares net of a tax credit of 20%. This 20% tax is paid by the company declaring the dividend to the Inland Revenue as Advance Corporation Tax.

Until the July 1997 Budget, all those who did not pay tax, such as individuals with low incomes, pension shemes and Pep investors, could reclaim this tax credit from the Inland Revenue. The 1997 measures immediately ended the right of pension funds to reclaim this tax, and in April 1999 non-tax payers were no longer able to reclaim this credit either.

Furthermore, from 6 April 1999, the tax credit on dividends was reduced to 10% and Pep and Isa investors are only allowed to reclaim this 10% tax credit, not the previous level of 20%.

The tax credit referred to in the first sentence of the text is a

Read the text below in order to answer question


Up until 5 April 1999, investors received dividends from stocks and shares net of a tax credit of 20%. This 20% tax is paid by the company declaring the dividend to the Inland Revenue as Advance Corporation Tax.

Until the July 1997 Budget, all those who did not pay tax, such as individuals with low incomes, pension shemes and Pep investors, could reclaim this tax credit from the Inland Revenue. The 1997 measures immediately ended the right of pension funds to reclaim this tax, and in April 1999 non-tax payers were no longer able to reclaim this credit either.

Furthermore, from 6 April 1999, the tax credit on dividends was reduced to 10% and Pep and Isa investors are only allowed to reclaim this 10% tax credit, not the previous level of 20%.

According to the author, the Inland Revenue

Read the text below in order to answer question


Up until 5 April 1999, investors received dividends from stocks and shares net of a tax credit of 20%. This 20% tax is paid by the company declaring the dividend to the Inland Revenue as Advance Corporation Tax.

Until the July 1997 Budget, all those who did not pay tax, such as individuals with low incomes, pension shemes and Pep investors, could reclaim this tax credit from the Inland Revenue. The 1997 measures immediately ended the right of pension funds to reclaim this tax, and in April 1999 non-tax payers were no longer able to reclaim this credit either.

Furthermore, from 6 April 1999, the tax credit on dividends was reduced to 10% and Pep and Isa investors are only allowed to reclaim this 10% tax credit, not the previous level of 20%.

The tax credit on dividends has been

Read the text below in order to answer question


Up until 5 April 1999, investors received dividends from stocks and shares net of a tax credit of 20%. This 20% tax is paid by the company declaring the dividend to the Inland Revenue as Advance Corporation Tax.

Until the July 1997 Budget, all those who did not pay tax, such as individuals with low incomes, pension shemes and Pep investors, could reclaim this tax credit from the Inland Revenue. The 1997 measures immediately ended the right of pension funds to reclaim this tax, and in April 1999 non-tax payers were no longer able to reclaim this credit either.

Furthermore, from 6 April 1999, the tax credit on dividends was reduced to 10% and Pep and Isa investors are only allowed to reclaim this 10% tax credit, not the previous level of 20%.


Which alternative below is not mentioned as having once been eligible for a credit rebate?