READ TEXT I AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

TEXT I

Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy

Abstract

Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁴ kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m³ of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.

Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

TEXT I

Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy

Abstract

Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁴ kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m³ of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.

Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

TEXT I

Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy

Abstract

Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁴ kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m³ of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.

Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The

As questões da prova de Língua Inglesa referem-se ao TEXTO a seguir:

Jadarite, described as ‘Earth's kryptonite twin,’ has potential to replace fossil fuels

A plain-white mineral found in western Serbia has a name straight out of the comics and a chemical profile that battery makers crave. Called jadarite, also known as sodium-lithium- boron silicate hydroxide, was first pulled from drill cores in 2004 and officially recognized as a new mineral two years later.

Geologists soon noticed that the formula on the sample label matched the faux “kryptonite” shown in a 2006 Superman film, minus the fluorine and the green glow. That pop-culture twist helped the discovery grab headlines, yet the real excitement lies in what the mineral could do for electric vehicles and renewable power storage.

Jadarite occurs as dull, chalky nodules tucked inside fine-grained shale in the Jadar Valley. The host rocks formed in an ancient lake basin rich in volcanic ash, allowing lithium and boron to build up in the pore waters until the mineral crystallized. Those conditions have been found only in Serbia so far, making the deposit both unique and strategically valuable.

Michael Page, a process chemist at Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), points out that the valley “is considered one of the largest lithium deposits in the world, making it a potential game-changer for the global green energy transition.” […]

Serbian communities are not unanimous in welcoming the mine. Environmental groups warn that alkali-rich tailings could leak into the Jadar River and harm local agriculture. Independent studies have found elevated boron and lithium downstream of exploratory boreholes, fueling weekly protests in Belgrade.

Supporters counter that rigorous water-management plans and sealed tailings cells can limit impacts, and that the economic gains, including thousands of skilled jobs, are hard to ignore. European automakers also see the project as a chance to shorten supply chains now dominated by South American brines and Chinese refiners.

Whether or not the Jadar project reaches full production, the mineral has already altered the critical-minerals map. Its existence proves that lithium can concentrate outside traditional pegmatites and brines, broadening the hunt to basins once dismissed as uneconomic clay.

Researchers are now experimenting with synthetic pathways, seeding gels of silica, borate, and lithium under lake-like conditions to see if jadarite can be grown on demand. Success could pave the way for engineered deposits that bypass mining altogether. For now, though, nature’s one known batch in western Serbia remains the focus of intense scientific, industrial, and public scrutiny.

Adapted from https://www.earth.com/news/jadarite-described-as-earthskryptonite-twin-has-potential-to-replace-fossil-fuels/

As questões da prova de Língua Inglesa referem-se ao TEXTO a seguir:

Jadarite, described as ‘Earth's kryptonite twin,’ has potential to replace fossil fuels

A plain-white mineral found in western Serbia has a name straight out of the comics and a chemical profile that battery makers crave. Called jadarite, also known as sodium-lithium- boron silicate hydroxide, was first pulled from drill cores in 2004 and officially recognized as a new mineral two years later.

Geologists soon noticed that the formula on the sample label matched the faux “kryptonite” shown in a 2006 Superman film, minus the fluorine and the green glow. That pop-culture twist helped the discovery grab headlines, yet the real excitement lies in what the mineral could do for electric vehicles and renewable power storage.

Jadarite occurs as dull, chalky nodules tucked inside fine-grained shale in the Jadar Valley. The host rocks formed in an ancient lake basin rich in volcanic ash, allowing lithium and boron to build up in the pore waters until the mineral crystallized. Those conditions have been found only in Serbia so far, making the deposit both unique and strategically valuable.

Michael Page, a process chemist at Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), points out that the valley “is considered one of the largest lithium deposits in the world, making it a potential game-changer for the global green energy transition.” […]

Serbian communities are not unanimous in welcoming the mine. Environmental groups warn that alkali-rich tailings could leak into the Jadar River and harm local agriculture. Independent studies have found elevated boron and lithium downstream of exploratory boreholes, fueling weekly protests in Belgrade.

Supporters counter that rigorous water-management plans and sealed tailings cells can limit impacts, and that the economic gains, including thousands of skilled jobs, are hard to ignore. European automakers also see the project as a chance to shorten supply chains now dominated by South American brines and Chinese refiners.

Whether or not the Jadar project reaches full production, the mineral has already altered the critical-minerals map. Its existence proves that lithium can concentrate outside traditional pegmatites and brines, broadening the hunt to basins once dismissed as uneconomic clay.

Researchers are now experimenting with synthetic pathways, seeding gels of silica, borate, and lithium under lake-like conditions to see if jadarite can be grown on demand. Success could pave the way for engineered deposits that bypass mining altogether. For now, though, nature’s one known batch in western Serbia remains the focus of intense scientific, industrial, and public scrutiny.

Adapted from https://www.earth.com/news/jadarite-described-as-earthskryptonite-twin-has-potential-to-replace-fossil-fuels/

As questões da prova de Língua Inglesa referem-se ao TEXTO a seguir:

Jadarite, described as ‘Earth's kryptonite twin,’ has potential to replace fossil fuels

A plain-white mineral found in western Serbia has a name straight out of the comics and a chemical profile that battery makers crave. Called jadarite, also known as sodium-lithium- boron silicate hydroxide, was first pulled from drill cores in 2004 and officially recognized as a new mineral two years later.

Geologists soon noticed that the formula on the sample label matched the faux “kryptonite” shown in a 2006 Superman film, minus the fluorine and the green glow. That pop-culture twist helped the discovery grab headlines, yet the real excitement lies in what the mineral could do for electric vehicles and renewable power storage.

Jadarite occurs as dull, chalky nodules tucked inside fine-grained shale in the Jadar Valley. The host rocks formed in an ancient lake basin rich in volcanic ash, allowing lithium and boron to build up in the pore waters until the mineral crystallized. Those conditions have been found only in Serbia so far, making the deposit both unique and strategically valuable.

Michael Page, a process chemist at Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), points out that the valley “is considered one of the largest lithium deposits in the world, making it a potential game-changer for the global green energy transition.” […]

Serbian communities are not unanimous in welcoming the mine. Environmental groups warn that alkali-rich tailings could leak into the Jadar River and harm local agriculture. Independent studies have found elevated boron and lithium downstream of exploratory boreholes, fueling weekly protests in Belgrade.

Supporters counter that rigorous water-management plans and sealed tailings cells can limit impacts, and that the economic gains, including thousands of skilled jobs, are hard to ignore. European automakers also see the project as a chance to shorten supply chains now dominated by South American brines and Chinese refiners.

Whether or not the Jadar project reaches full production, the mineral has already altered the critical-minerals map. Its existence proves that lithium can concentrate outside traditional pegmatites and brines, broadening the hunt to basins once dismissed as uneconomic clay.

Researchers are now experimenting with synthetic pathways, seeding gels of silica, borate, and lithium under lake-like conditions to see if jadarite can be grown on demand. Success could pave the way for engineered deposits that bypass mining altogether. For now, though, nature’s one known batch in western Serbia remains the focus of intense scientific, industrial, and public scrutiny.

Adapted from https://www.earth.com/news/jadarite-described-as-earthskryptonite-twin-has-potential-to-replace-fossil-fuels/

As questões da prova de Língua Inglesa referem-se ao TEXTO a seguir:

Jadarite, described as ‘Earth's kryptonite twin,’ has potential to replace fossil fuels

A plain-white mineral found in western Serbia has a name straight out of the comics and a chemical profile that battery makers crave. Called jadarite, also known as sodium-lithium- boron silicate hydroxide, was first pulled from drill cores in 2004 and officially recognized as a new mineral two years later.

Geologists soon noticed that the formula on the sample label matched the faux “kryptonite” shown in a 2006 Superman film, minus the fluorine and the green glow. That pop-culture twist helped the discovery grab headlines, yet the real excitement lies in what the mineral could do for electric vehicles and renewable power storage.

Jadarite occurs as dull, chalky nodules tucked inside fine-grained shale in the Jadar Valley. The host rocks formed in an ancient lake basin rich in volcanic ash, allowing lithium and boron to build up in the pore waters until the mineral crystallized. Those conditions have been found only in Serbia so far, making the deposit both unique and strategically valuable.

Michael Page, a process chemist at Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), points out that the valley “is considered one of the largest lithium deposits in the world, making it a potential game-changer for the global green energy transition.” […]

Serbian communities are not unanimous in welcoming the mine. Environmental groups warn that alkali-rich tailings could leak into the Jadar River and harm local agriculture. Independent studies have found elevated boron and lithium downstream of exploratory boreholes, fueling weekly protests in Belgrade.

Supporters counter that rigorous water-management plans and sealed tailings cells can limit impacts, and that the economic gains, including thousands of skilled jobs, are hard to ignore. European automakers also see the project as a chance to shorten supply chains now dominated by South American brines and Chinese refiners.

Whether or not the Jadar project reaches full production, the mineral has already altered the critical-minerals map. Its existence proves that lithium can concentrate outside traditional pegmatites and brines, broadening the hunt to basins once dismissed as uneconomic clay.

Researchers are now experimenting with synthetic pathways, seeding gels of silica, borate, and lithium under lake-like conditions to see if jadarite can be grown on demand. Success could pave the way for engineered deposits that bypass mining altogether. For now, though, nature’s one known batch in western Serbia remains the focus of intense scientific, industrial, and public scrutiny.

Adapted from https://www.earth.com/news/jadarite-described-as-earthskryptonite-twin-has-potential-to-replace-fossil-fuels/

As questões da prova de Língua Inglesa referem-se ao TEXTO a seguir:

Jadarite, described as ‘Earth's kryptonite twin,’ has potential to replace fossil fuels

A plain-white mineral found in western Serbia has a name straight out of the comics and a chemical profile that battery makers crave. Called jadarite, also known as sodium-lithium- boron silicate hydroxide, was first pulled from drill cores in 2004 and officially recognized as a new mineral two years later.

Geologists soon noticed that the formula on the sample label matched the faux “kryptonite” shown in a 2006 Superman film, minus the fluorine and the green glow. That pop-culture twist helped the discovery grab headlines, yet the real excitement lies in what the mineral could do for electric vehicles and renewable power storage.

Jadarite occurs as dull, chalky nodules tucked inside fine-grained shale in the Jadar Valley. The host rocks formed in an ancient lake basin rich in volcanic ash, allowing lithium and boron to build up in the pore waters until the mineral crystallized. Those conditions have been found only in Serbia so far, making the deposit both unique and strategically valuable.

Michael Page, a process chemist at Australia’s Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), points out that the valley “is considered one of the largest lithium deposits in the world, making it a potential game-changer for the global green energy transition.” […]

Serbian communities are not unanimous in welcoming the mine. Environmental groups warn that alkali-rich tailings could leak into the Jadar River and harm local agriculture. Independent studies have found elevated boron and lithium downstream of exploratory boreholes, fueling weekly protests in Belgrade.

Supporters counter that rigorous water-management plans and sealed tailings cells can limit impacts, and that the economic gains, including thousands of skilled jobs, are hard to ignore. European automakers also see the project as a chance to shorten supply chains now dominated by South American brines and Chinese refiners.

Whether or not the Jadar project reaches full production, the mineral has already altered the critical-minerals map. Its existence proves that lithium can concentrate outside traditional pegmatites and brines, broadening the hunt to basins once dismissed as uneconomic clay.

Researchers are now experimenting with synthetic pathways, seeding gels of silica, borate, and lithium under lake-like conditions to see if jadarite can be grown on demand. Success could pave the way for engineered deposits that bypass mining altogether. For now, though, nature’s one known batch in western Serbia remains the focus of intense scientific, industrial, and public scrutiny.

Adapted from https://www.earth.com/news/jadarite-described-as-earthskryptonite-twin-has-potential-to-replace-fossil-fuels/

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

TEXT I

Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy

Abstract

Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁴ kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m³ of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.

Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The

READ TEXT I AND ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

TEXT I

Products and dynamics of lava-snow explosions: The 16 March 2017 explosion at Mount Etna, Italy

Abstract

Volcanic hazards associated with lava flows advancing on snow cover are often underrated, although sudden explosions related to different processes of lava-snow/ice contact can occur rapidly and are only preceded by small, easily underrated precursors. On 16 March 2017, during a mildly effusive and explosive eruption at Mount Etna, Italy, a slowly advancing lava lobe interacted with the snow cover to produce a sudden, brief sequence of explosions. White vapor, brown ash, and coarse material were suddenly ejected, and the products struck a group of people, injuring some of them. The proximal deposit formed a continuous mantle of ash, lapilli, and decimeter-sized bombs, while the ballistic material travelled up to 200 m from the lava edge. The deposit was estimated to have a mass of 7.1 ± 0.8 × 10⁴ kg, which corresponds to a volume of 32.0 ± 3.6 m³ of lava being removed by the explosion. Data related to the texture and morphology of the ejected clasts were used to constrain a model of lava-snow interaction. The results suggest that the mechanism causing the explosions was the progressive build-up of pressure due to vapor accumulation under the lava flow, while no evidence was found for the occurrence of fuel-coolant interaction processes. Although these low-intensity explosions are not particularly frequent, the data set collected provides, for the first time, quantitative information about the processes involved and the associated hazard and suggests that mitigation measures should be established to prevent potentially dramatic accidents at worldwide volcanoes frequented by tourists and with fairly easy access, such as Etna.

Source: GSA Bulletin (2024) 136 (5-6): 2325–2342. Available at

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/136/5-6/2325/628546/Products-and-dynamics-of-lava-snow-explosions-The