Question must be answered based on the following text.

It appears to me to be useful to simplify the descriptive framework and make a two-part distinction: principles and procedures. The term, principles, may be operationally defined as a set of insights derived from theoretical and applied linguistics, cognitive psychology, information sciences, and other allied disciplines that provide theoretical bases for the study of language learning, language planning, and language teaching. The term thus includes not only the theoretical assumptions governing language learning and teaching but also those governing syllabus design, materials production, and evaluation measures. Similarly, procedures may be operationally defined as a set of teaching strategies adopted/adapted by the teacher in order to accomplish the stated and unstated, short- and long-term goals of language learning and teaching in the classroom. Thus, certain elements of Antony’s approach and method, and Richards and Rodgers’ approach and design can be subsumed under principles. Classroom events, activities, or techniques can be covered under procedures. The terms principles and procedures are not new; they are implicit in the literature and are being used widely, though not uniformly or consistently.

Adapted from: KUMARAVADIVELU, B. Understanding language teaching: from method to postmethod. New Jersey/London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 2006.

According to the text, throughout the history of language teaching, the concepts of Approach, Method, and Technique have been defined in different ways by different scholars. Even Kumaravadivelu proposes his own two-part framework. Considering these perspectives and the hierarchical relationship among Approach, Method, and Technique, one can conclude that:

Question must be answered based on the following situation. 

You are teaching an English for Specific Purposes (ESP) class for first-year Brazilian Radiology students at a federal institution. The students need to read and comprehend technical articles about imaging techniques, patient care protocols and radiology equipment manuals. Most students are native Portuguese speakers with varying levels of English proficiency. Some struggle with understanding complex technical terms, others with interpreting text structures and summarizing procedures in English. You, as a teacher, aim to design reading tasks to improve their knowledge in the radiology field.

Considering approaches to ESP course design (Hutchinson & Waters (1987); Dudley-Evans & St. John (1998); Fortanet-Gomez & Raisanen (2008), your reading tasks must

He set up his home-based takeaway, named Africana Chops, in 2022, after being incessantly asked by his St Lucian friends for Nigerian fare. The takeaway is now thriving, Dr Ogbu tells the BBC, and not just because his island customers think the food is tasty. 'They know that we all have the same ancestral origin. So most of the time, they want to get in touch with that,' Dr Ogbu explains. People across the Caribbean have been expressing African pride through cultural means, such as food, clothing and travel, while governments and institutions from both sides of the Atlantic have been meeting to forge economic ties.

Adapted from: CHIBELUSHI, Wedaeli; HANDY, Gemma. New wave of African pride rises in the Caribbean (2025). Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czxyw4w440vo

Based on the analysis of the underlined terms, it can be said that:

Consider the sentence below:

"Active methodologies promote interaction", said the teacher.

Now, choose the alternative below that correctly restates it into reported speech: