Leia o bilhete do aluno e o texto de Celce-Murcia, a seguir, para responder às questões de 42 a 48.

Dear teacher,

I am writing this in the intermission between classes to tell you of my extolment for your class. Your group work rouses a deep sense of admiration and joy within me. I enjoy every step of the work in your class. It comes without speaking that your class is the best. I don’t know how to give vent to my feelings. You help me with the difficultness of English. I know other guys and I suggest them to take your class. I’m so much happy to be student of a sagely teacher such as you and getting your advices. Your help is beyond valuability.

Bye for now,

Teo

What is it about the word use in Teo’s expressive letter that does not sound quite right, even though we understand the message? It appears that he knows enough about the words to communicate, but there are gaps in his word knowledge. For example, to know a word means to know a considerable amount about its meaning; Teo uses the word intermission (a short period of time between the parts of a play, film, concert, etc.) to apply to the break between classes. He knows the literal meaning of to give vent to his feelings but misses the subtle distinction that vent is usually used with negative feelings (I vented my anger). In addition, to know a word or phrase means to know its collocations, or how it is used in combination with other words; for example, every step of the way is a recognizable collocation, every step of the work is not. Knowing your word also means to know its grammatical function (e.g., suggest is a transitive verb; advice is an uncountable noun) and its word parts (e.g., difficulty rather than *difficultness, and value rather than *valuability). Finally, knowing your word means to know its register, or a level of formality. Extolment is a noun (meaning “enthusiastic praise and admiration”), but it is very formal and infrequently used.

This letter demonstrates the enormity of the word learning task. There are many words to know and many details to be known about each word.

(Celce-Murcia, M. 2001)

Leia o bilhete do aluno e o texto de Celce-Murcia, a seguir, para responder às questões de 42 a 48.

Dear teacher,

I am writing this in the intermission between classes to tell you of my extolment for your class. Your group work rouses a deep sense of admiration and joy within me. I enjoy every step of the work in your class. It comes without speaking that your class is the best. I don’t know how to give vent to my feelings. You help me with the difficultness of English. I know other guys and I suggest them to take your class. I’m so much happy to be student of a sagely teacher such as you and getting your advices. Your help is beyond valuability.

Bye for now,

Teo

What is it about the word use in Teo’s expressive letter that does not sound quite right, even though we understand the message? It appears that he knows enough about the words to communicate, but there are gaps in his word knowledge. For example, to know a word means to know a considerable amount about its meaning; Teo uses the word intermission (a short period of time between the parts of a play, film, concert, etc.) to apply to the break between classes. He knows the literal meaning of to give vent to his feelings but misses the subtle distinction that vent is usually used with negative feelings (I vented my anger). In addition, to know a word or phrase means to know its collocations, or how it is used in combination with other words; for example, every step of the way is a recognizable collocation, every step of the work is not. Knowing your word also means to know its grammatical function (e.g., suggest is a transitive verb; advice is an uncountable noun) and its word parts (e.g., difficulty rather than *difficultness, and value rather than *valuability). Finally, knowing your word means to know its register, or a level of formality. Extolment is a noun (meaning “enthusiastic praise and admiration”), but it is very formal and infrequently used.

This letter demonstrates the enormity of the word learning task. There are many words to know and many details to be known about each word.

(Celce-Murcia, M. 2001)

Leia o bilhete do aluno e o texto de Celce-Murcia, a seguir, para responder às questões de 42 a 48.

Dear teacher,

I am writing this in the intermission between classes to tell you of my extolment for your class. Your group work rouses a deep sense of admiration and joy within me. I enjoy every step of the work in your class. It comes without speaking that your class is the best. I don’t know how to give vent to my feelings. You help me with the difficultness of English. I know other guys and I suggest them to take your class. I’m so much happy to be student of a sagely teacher such as you and getting your advices. Your help is beyond valuability.

Bye for now,

Teo

What is it about the word use in Teo’s expressive letter that does not sound quite right, even though we understand the message? It appears that he knows enough about the words to communicate, but there are gaps in his word knowledge. For example, to know a word means to know a considerable amount about its meaning; Teo uses the word intermission (a short period of time between the parts of a play, film, concert, etc.) to apply to the break between classes. He knows the literal meaning of to give vent to his feelings but misses the subtle distinction that vent is usually used with negative feelings (I vented my anger). In addition, to know a word or phrase means to know its collocations, or how it is used in combination with other words; for example, every step of the way is a recognizable collocation, every step of the work is not. Knowing your word also means to know its grammatical function (e.g., suggest is a transitive verb; advice is an uncountable noun) and its word parts (e.g., difficulty rather than *difficultness, and value rather than *valuability). Finally, knowing your word means to know its register, or a level of formality. Extolment is a noun (meaning “enthusiastic praise and admiration”), but it is very formal and infrequently used.

This letter demonstrates the enormity of the word learning task. There are many words to know and many details to be known about each word.

(Celce-Murcia, M. 2001)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de números 36 a 40.

In this compelling work, Noam Chomsky, the world’s leading public intellectual, and Robert Pollin, a renowned progressive economist, map out the catastrophic consequences of unrestricted climate change – and present a realistic blueprint for change: the Green New Deal.

Together, Chomsky and Pollin show how the forecasts for a hotter planet strain the imagination: vast stretches of the Earth will become uninhabitable, plagued by extreme weather, drought, rising seas, and crop failure. Arguing against the misplaced fear of economic disaster and unemployment arising from the transition to a green economy, they show how this bogus concern encourages climate denialism.

Humanity must stop burning fossil fuels within the next thirty years and do so in a way that improves living standards and opportunities for working people. This is the goal of the Green New Deal and, as the authors make clear, it is entirely feasible. Climate change is an emergency that cannot be ignored, and it can be overcome both politically and economically.

(https://www.amazon.com.br/ Climate-Crisis-Global-Green-Deal/dp/178873985X. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de números 36 a 40.

In this compelling work, Noam Chomsky, the world’s leading public intellectual, and Robert Pollin, a renowned progressive economist, map out the catastrophic consequences of unrestricted climate change – and present a realistic blueprint for change: the Green New Deal.

Together, Chomsky and Pollin show how the forecasts for a hotter planet strain the imagination: vast stretches of the Earth will become uninhabitable, plagued by extreme weather, drought, rising seas, and crop failure. Arguing against the misplaced fear of economic disaster and unemployment arising from the transition to a green economy, they show how this bogus concern encourages climate denialism.

Humanity must stop burning fossil fuels within the next thirty years and do so in a way that improves living standards and opportunities for working people. This is the goal of the Green New Deal and, as the authors make clear, it is entirely feasible. Climate change is an emergency that cannot be ignored, and it can be overcome both politically and economically.

(https://www.amazon.com.br/ Climate-Crisis-Global-Green-Deal/dp/178873985X. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de números 36 a 40.

In this compelling work, Noam Chomsky, the world’s leading public intellectual, and Robert Pollin, a renowned progressive economist, map out the catastrophic consequences of unrestricted climate change – and present a realistic blueprint for change: the Green New Deal.

Together, Chomsky and Pollin show how the forecasts for a hotter planet strain the imagination: vast stretches of the Earth will become uninhabitable, plagued by extreme weather, drought, rising seas, and crop failure. Arguing against the misplaced fear of economic disaster and unemployment arising from the transition to a green economy, they show how this bogus concern encourages climate denialism.

Humanity must stop burning fossil fuels within the next thirty years and do so in a way that improves living standards and opportunities for working people. This is the goal of the Green New Deal and, as the authors make clear, it is entirely feasible. Climate change is an emergency that cannot be ignored, and it can be overcome both politically and economically.

(https://www.amazon.com.br/ Climate-Crisis-Global-Green-Deal/dp/178873985X. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de números 36 a 40.

In this compelling work, Noam Chomsky, the world’s leading public intellectual, and Robert Pollin, a renowned progressive economist, map out the catastrophic consequences of unrestricted climate change – and present a realistic blueprint for change: the Green New Deal.

Together, Chomsky and Pollin show how the forecasts for a hotter planet strain the imagination: vast stretches of the Earth will become uninhabitable, plagued by extreme weather, drought, rising seas, and crop failure. Arguing against the misplaced fear of economic disaster and unemployment arising from the transition to a green economy, they show how this bogus concern encourages climate denialism.

Humanity must stop burning fossil fuels within the next thirty years and do so in a way that improves living standards and opportunities for working people. This is the goal of the Green New Deal and, as the authors make clear, it is entirely feasible. Climate change is an emergency that cannot be ignored, and it can be overcome both politically and economically.

(https://www.amazon.com.br/ Climate-Crisis-Global-Green-Deal/dp/178873985X. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de números 26 a 35.

Noam Chomsky, the revered and reviled genius once famously described as “the most important intellectual alive”, turned 95 on December 6, 2023. He is a monumental figure in modern linguistics, and only a slightly lesser deity in psychology, philosophy and political activism.

His work establishing cognitive science as a discipline is so fundamental to the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that it’s rarely acknowledged anymore. Amid the ongoing alarm that language-simulating machines could become a net negative for humanity, one wonders whether that keeps him up at night.

His stardom came in 1959 with his legendary review of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behaviour. Skinner, a psychologist and behaviorist, was enjoying the limelight in psychology circles with his theory of “operant conditioning” to encourage certain behaviours. For instance, a gold star awarded by a teacher for good behavior will encourage more of it from students. He tried to expand this idea into linguistics by breaking language down into components that are supposedly acquired via operant conditioning.

Chomsky completely disagreed with the idea and showed how useful it could be to examine the mind instead of just behavior in language-related areas like anthropology, psychology and neuroscience.

It’s not hard to see how Chomsky’s ideas of generative grammar and deep structure go hand in hand with today’s generative AI and deep learning. Without them, experts couldn’t have delved so deeply into neural networks. They wouldn’t have understood language well enough to even begin. His approach is a thread that has connected generations of AI researchers.

Still, about language-simulating machines becoming a threat, that does not keep him up at night. He seems to regard AI as a secondary worry compared with climate change.

(theconversation.com. Adaptado)

Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de números 26 a 35.

Noam Chomsky, the revered and reviled genius once famously described as “the most important intellectual alive”, turned 95 on December 6, 2023. He is a monumental figure in modern linguistics, and only a slightly lesser deity in psychology, philosophy and political activism.

His work establishing cognitive science as a discipline is so fundamental to the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that it’s rarely acknowledged anymore. Amid the ongoing alarm that language-simulating machines could become a net negative for humanity, one wonders whether that keeps him up at night.

His stardom came in 1959 with his legendary review of B. F. Skinner’s Verbal Behaviour. Skinner, a psychologist and behaviorist, was enjoying the limelight in psychology circles with his theory of “operant conditioning” to encourage certain behaviours. For instance, a gold star awarded by a teacher for good behavior will encourage more of it from students. He tried to expand this idea into linguistics by breaking language down into components that are supposedly acquired via operant conditioning.

Chomsky completely disagreed with the idea and showed how useful it could be to examine the mind instead of just behavior in language-related areas like anthropology, psychology and neuroscience.

It’s not hard to see how Chomsky’s ideas of generative grammar and deep structure go hand in hand with today’s generative AI and deep learning. Without them, experts couldn’t have delved so deeply into neural networks. They wouldn’t have understood language well enough to even begin. His approach is a thread that has connected generations of AI researchers.

Still, about language-simulating machines becoming a threat, that does not keep him up at night. He seems to regard AI as a secondary worry compared with climate change.

(theconversation.com. Adaptado)