Dada uma equação diferencial de segunda ordem !$ { \large d^2y \over d^2t} + a { \large dy \over dt} + by = c !$. Onde !$ c \ne 0 !$, diga se a afirmação seria verdadeira ou falsa.

Item 2: Se !$ y_1(t) !$ e !$ y_2(t) !$ são soluções e se !$ a > 0 !$, !$ b > 0 !$, então !$ y_1(t) - y_2(t) !$ converge a 0 quando !$ t \rightarrow \infty !$.

Com relação à demanda de um insumo variável de produção, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1: Caso o preço do único insumo variável usado na produção seja maior que o valor do produto marginal, a empresa deve reduzir sua produção a fim de maximizar o lucro.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 2: “increase in inequality” means “aumento da desigualdade”.

Uma economia oligopolizada se comporta nos termos do modelo de Kalecki. Especificamente, o produto real Y se divide entre a parcela !$ { \large 1 \over 1 + m} Y !$ pertence aos trabalhadores e a parcela !$ { \large m \over 1 + m} Y !$ pertencente aos capitalistas. No caso, m é a margem de lucro, determinada pelo grau de oligopólio na economia. Os trabalhadores consomem toda sua renda. A despesa dos capitalistas, que inclui consumo mais investimento é dada por:

!$ c { \large m \over 1 + m} y + A !$

onde A é uma constante positiva, e 0 < c < 1, o que significa que a propensão marginal a consumir dos capitalistas é menor do que 1. Admita que o limite de capacidade de produção da economia seja !$ \overline{Y} !$, e que o governo, através de um órgão tipo CIP, resolva controlar m. Nesse caso:

Item 0: Se a economia estiver operando abaixo de seu limite de capacidade, uma redução da margem de lucro aumentará o consumo dos trabalhadores.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 3: Na análise IS-LM, se a economia se encontra a pleno emprego um aumento do gasto público não apenas desloca para a direita a curva IS, mas também para a esquerda a curva LM.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

As still found in the fifth paragraph:

Item 1: “labor-saving technological change” means “mundaça tecnológica intensiva de mão-de-obra”.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 2: Os modelos do ciclo da vida de Franco Modigliani e da renda permanente de Milton Friedman procuraram dar uma explicação para o fato de que a propensão marginal a consumir no curto prazo tende a ser menor do que no longo prazo.

Em relação as curvas de custo a curto e longo prazos, pode-se garantir que:

Item 2: O nível de produção ao qual o custo variável médio atinge seu mínimo será sempre maior que o nível de produção que torna o custo marginal mínimo.

Com relação à teoria do consumidor, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3: Com a hipótese de taxa marginal de substituição decrescente, está garantido que a curva de demanda será negativamente inclinada.

A curva de demanda do bem x é dada por: !$ QX = { \large 500 \over Px^2} !$.

Item 1: A elasticidade-preço de Qx varia ao longo da curva.