Numa economia tem-se determinado exercício:

Através dessas informações, classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 3: O saldo em transações correntes é igual a 7,07 bilhões de dólares.

Com relação à teoria do consumidor, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2: A hipótese de taxa marginal de substituição decrescente significa admitir que o consumidor prefere diversificação à especialização no consumo de bens.

Classifique como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 3: Para que o saldo do Governo em conta corrente seja positivo, o investimento público tem que ser necessariamente menor do que a poupança pública.

Numa economia tem-se, em percentagens do produto interno líquido:

• Poupança do setor privado: 18%
• Carga tributária bruta: 25%
• Outras receitas correntes do Governo: 1%
• Consumo do Governo: 10%
• Transferências: 10%
• Subsídios: 4%
• Superávit do balanço de pagamentos em transações correntes: 1%
• Depreciação do capital fixo: 6%
• Relação incremental capital/produto (líquida): 3

Isto posto:

Item 4: Nos temos do modelo de Harrod-Domar, a taxa de crescimento do produto real será 4,33% a.a.

Dados os conjuntos A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {1, 3, 5} C = {0} determine quais das seguintes afirmações são verdadeiras ou falsas

Item 1: P(P(B)) tem mais de 200 elementos [nota: se x é um conjunto, P(x) é o conjunto das suas partes].

Com relação às funções de produção, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1: Quando a função de produção é de proporções variáveis, é sempre verdade que quando aumentamos a quantidade de um fator, o produto aumenta.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 1: “higer income” means “retornos mais alatos”.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

As can be understood in the first paragraph:

Item 1: The author say higher income will never follow economic growth.

Classifique como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 1: No modelo IS-LM tradicional, a curva de oferta agregada é uma função crescente do salário real.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 1: O impacto da taxa de juros real sobre o consumo privado é ambíguo mas não sobre a poupança. Toda vez que a taxa de juros real aumenta a poupança também eleva-se.