Uma empresa em concorrência perfeita, utiliza dentre seus insumos, a energia elétrica. O governo anuncia que as tarifas de energia elétrica recuperar-se-ão do atraso de vários anos, em um curto prazo. Necessariamente, a curto prazo:

Item 3: A empresa produzirá menos de seu produto.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo.

Item 1: De acordo com a teoria aceleracionista da curva de Phillips, a taxa de desemprego de equilibra em seu nível natural quando a taxa efetiva e a taxa esperada de inflação coincidem.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 3: Se o governo após um congelamento de preços não expandir o estoque de moeda, a elevação da taxa de juros real terá um forte impacto depressivo sobre o nível de atividade.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

As seen in the fourth paragraph:

Item 3: “call forth a supply response” means “dá origem a uma resposta da oferta”.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

As can be understood in the third paragraph:

Item 3: The growth of output can only be sustained by technological change.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 4: “mean of distribution” means “distribuição média”.

Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 0: Se os salários forem indexados com base na inflação passada, uma aceleração da taxa de inflação reduzirá o salário real.

ECONOMIC GROWTH

As long as the fruits of economic growth are taken in the form of higher income, economic growth will be accompanied by increases in the mean of the income distribution. However, poverty will not necessarily decrease if growth is accompanied by a sufficiently large, offsetting increase in inequality. Unfortunately the impact of growth on inequality is not nearly as clear, either theoretically or empirically, as its impact on the mean of the distribution.

Growth and the distribution of income are the joint results of a complicated set of underlying economic processes, reflected in changes in supplies of and demands for factors of production. Arguments that inequality is necessary for growth or that growth necessarily reduces inequality ignore the process generating growth and inequality simultaneously. Any correlation between these two variables is likely to be spurious - it is not growth per se, but how that growth is achieved, which determines inequality.

Technological change and increases in the supply of labor or capital offer two routes to economic growth. They are, however, not on equal footing. Since the amount of labor or capital cannot be increased indefinitely, only technological change can offer a permanent increase in the rate of growth of output. The two also differ in the ways in which they affect the distribution of income.

Technological change may increase or decrease inequality. The initial impact of technological change is to alter the demands for labor and capital. This in turn changes prices, which may call forth a supply response as workers flow to those jobs for which demand and, hence, wages are greater.

While technological change may increase the demand for all skill classes, this is by no means necessary. The result may be an increase in both economic growth and poverty. For example, a labor-saving technological change may lower the demand for low-skilled workers. The resulting decrease in wages of those at the bottom of the distribution will have two effects - some workers will drop out of the labor force, while others will be induced to gain skills in response to the drop in the relative wages of unskilled workers. Whether or not poverty increases depends on the relative magnitude of these two changes.

DANZIGER, Sheldon, GOTTSCHALK, Peter. Increasing inequality in the United States: what we know and what we don’t. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, New York, 11(2): 181-182, 1988-89.

As seen in the fifth paragraph:

Item 2: “skill classes” mean “níveis de especialização”.

Dada uma equação diferencial de segunda ordem !$ { \large d^2y \over d^2t} + a { \large dy \over dt} + by = c !$. Onde !$ c \ne 0 !$, diga se a afirmação seria verdadeira ou falsa.

Item 4: Se !$ y_1(t) !$ e !$ y_2(t) !$ são soluções, então !$ y_3(t) = y_1(t) . y_2(t) !$ também é solução.

Determine o valor de !$ \int\limits^{\pi}_0 e^t cos 2t . dt !$ e assinale se a opção abaixo é falsa ou verdadeira.

Item 0: !$ { \large 1 \over 5} (e^{2 \pi} - 1) !$