Considere uma amostra aleatória !$ y_1 !$, ....., !$ y_n !$ de uma variável normal Y de média !$ μ !$ e variância !$ σ^2 !$. Definem-se os seguintes estimadores:

!$ y = { \large \sum yi \over n} !$, !$ s^2 = { \large \sum (yi - y)^2 \over n} !$

Pode-se então afirmar que:

Item 3: !$ ns^2 / σ^2 !$ tem distribuição qui-quadrado com n-1 graus de liberdade.

Em uma universidade, 30% dos homens e 20% das mulheres estudam matemática. Além disso, 45% dos estudantes são mulheres. Se um estudante é escolhido aleatoriamente:

Item 2: Se o estudante escolhido estuda matemática, então a probabilidade de que seja um homem é de 0,647.

Classifique, como V ou F, as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 3: Se a elasticidade juros da demanda por moeda for diferente de zero, uma política monetária restritiva não reduz o produto de equilíbrio no curto prazo.

Em determinado país e durante certo ano realizaram-se as seguintes transações entre residentes e não-residentes, medidas em milhões de dólares.

• Exportações de mercadorias (FOB) 12.000
• Importações de mercadorias (FOB) 14.000
• Gastos de turistas nacionais no exterior em Viagens Internacionais 1.000
• Gastos de não-residentes no país em Viagens de Turismo 500
• Juros pagos ao exterior 4.300
• Juros recebidos do exterior 1.200
• Remessa líquida de dividendos 1.100
• Empréstimos e financiamentos líquidos 600
• Pagamento de Amortizações 4.000
• Investimentos diretos 1.000
• Pagamentos de atrasados comerciais 800

Item 4: A redução ocorrida no nível de reservas foi de US$ 5,1 bilhões.

Analise os seguintes pares de retas e assinale se falsa ou verdadeira cada afirmação correspondente.

Item 0: 3x - 5y = 1 e 2x + y = 2 são perpendiculares.

Com respeito às distribuições teóricas de probabilidade pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0: A distribuição de Bernoulli corresponde ao experimento com dois valores possíveis sendo que um deles está associado à ocorrência de sucesso e o outro à de fracasso.

Em uma universidade, 30% dos homens e 20% das mulheres estudam matemática. Além disso, 45% dos estudantes são mulheres. Se um estudante é escolhido aleatoriamente:

Item 4: Não é possível obter as probabilidades acima.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

In the fifth pargraph, the author concludes that:

Item 1: most ‘dirty’ industries in developed countries had either to be closed or to move to other coutries with mild or no environment regulations because of decreasing sales of production.

Considere uma economia onde o ajustamento de preços é descrito pela Curva de Phillips. Classifique, como V ou F, a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 2: Se o coeficiente dohiato do produto for próximo da unidade, uma política de estabilização de caráter ortodoxo é sempre mais eficiente que a política de rendas.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 3: “stiffer measures” means “more restraining measures”.