THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

As can be understood in the third paragraph:

Item 1: “stringent pollution controls” means “absence of pollution controls”.

O preço X de um produto é considerado uma variável aleatória com função densidade de probabilidade dada por:

f(x) = !$ \begin{cases} kx^3 se 1 \ge x \ge 3; \\ 0 \, para \, qualquer \, outro \, valor \, de \, x \end{cases} !$

onde k é uma constante positiva. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1: A probabilidade do preço ser menor que 1,5 e menor do que 70%.

Em determinado país e durante certo ano realizaram-se as seguintes transações entre residentes e não-residentes, medidas em milhões de dólares.

• Exportações de mercadorias (FOB) 12.000
• Importações de mercadorias (FOB) 14.000
• Gastos de turistas nacionais no exterior em Viagens Internacionais 1.000
• Gastos de não-residentes no país em Viagens de Turismo 500
• Juros pagos ao exterior 4.300
• Juros recebidos do exterior 1.200
• Remessa líquida de dividendos 1.100
• Empréstimos e financiamentos líquidos 600
• Pagamento de Amortizações 4.000
• Investimentos diretos 1.000
• Pagamentos de atrasados comerciais 800

Item 3: Nesta economia a renda líquida enviada ao exterior é igual ao saldo da balança de serviço de fatores.

Considerando os três estágios de produção:

Item 4: Na faixa relevante de produção, o produto total do fator fixo é decrescente.

Classifique, como V ou F, as afirmativas abaixo:

Item 0: Em uma economia estagnada a única forma de se reduzir a relação entre dívida pública interna e o PIB é através da elevação do superávit primário.

O preço X de um produto é considerado uma variável aleatória com função densidade de probabilidade dada por:

f(x) = !$ \begin{cases} kx^3 se 1 \ge x \ge 3; \\ 0 \, para \, qualquer \, outro \, valor \, de \, x \end{cases} !$

onde k é uma constante positiva. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3: O valor de k é 1/80.

THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES ON PATTERNS OF WORLD TRADE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST

James A. Tobey

In theory, environmental control costs encourage reduced specialization in the production of polluting outputs in countries with stringent environmental regulations (Pethig, 1976; Siebert, 1977; McGuire, 1982). In contrast, countries that fail to undertake an environmental protection program presumably increase their comparative advantage in the production of items that damage the invironment. This relationship between trade and environmental policy receives considerable attention whenever countries are in the process of passing new pollution control measures. Groups who oppose existing measures, of the implementation of stiffer measures, argue that they reduce the ability of polluting industries to compete internationally. With foreign trade an increasingly important sector in many of the world’s economies, the arguments of such groups are now frequently weighted very heavily.

The premise that trade suffers from the imposition of environmental policy has a strong element of a priori plausibility but, surprisingly, has little empirical support. Several macroeconometric models (D’Arge, 1974; Robison, 1986; OECD, 1985) have predicted that pollution control measures should lead to a small but discernible effect on the balance of trade, but there are few studies to confirm this prediction.

The location-of-industry studies (Leonard, 1988; Pearson, 1987, 1985; Walter, 1985) have explored the related ideas that stringent pollution control measures push industries out of the U.S. (the ‘industrial-flight’ hypothesis), and that less-developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own environmental policies (the ‘pollution-haven’ hypothesis). Their investigations, however, have been unable to find evidence in support of either hypothesis.

The present paper complement the results of the less rigorous location of industy studies by providing an empirical test of the hypothesis that stringent environmental policy has caused trade patterns to deviate in commodities produced by the world’s ‘dirty’ industries.

Extraído de: TOBEY, James A. The effects of domestic environmental policies on patterns of world trade: an empirical test. Kiklos; international review for social science, Basel, v.43, n.2, p.191-209.

Still in the first paragraph:

Item 0: one may conclude that the author is not in favor of pollution control measures.

Sobre a Teoria de Consumidor é correto afirmar que:

Item 3: Na abordagem ordinal se a taxa marginal de substituição for crescente haverá especialização do consumo em apenas um bem.

Com relação a uma firma monopolista, pode-se dizer que:

Item 1: É possível que o tamanho da firma monopolista, no longo prazo, corresponda à escala ótima de produção, devido a uma contingência do mercado. Nesse caso, o preço de venda será maior ou igual ao custo médio de produção.

O mapa de isoquantas de produção é usado para representar, no caso de dois insumos, a superfície de produção num diagrama bidimensional.

Item 3: A isoquanta mostra a quantidade mínima de um insumo, dados o nível de produção e o nível do outro insumo.