Seja A um conjunto qualquer. Indique a afirmativa verdadeira e a falsa:

Item 0 - Um ponto de acumulação de A é sempre um ponto de A.

Seja a função !$ f (x,y) = { \begin {cases} c\,\,se\,\,5< x< 10\,e\,4 < y < 9 \\ 0\,caso\,contrario \end{cases}} !$ onde c é uma constante

Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - O valor de c é 1 (um).

A variável aleatória Z guarda com a variável aleatória X a relação Z = 5 + 5X + U onde U é uma variável aleatória, independente de X. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 0 - Z tem correlação 1 com X.

PART I

Rudiger Dornbusch, Policies to Move from Stabilization to Growth. Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, pages 19-48.

The typical stabilization program for an economy emerging from high inflation involves freezing wages and prices and making little fiscal adjustment. For the first month of two this program is successful, partly because expectations of a freeze will have led to prior price hikes. Soon the freeze wears off, however, and the deferred rise in public sector prices, the lifting of export taxes, and real appreciation combine to erode the budget position. Then, in phase two, policy-makers implement tight money. This gives an unsustainable program another few months of life, but of course it also increases public indebtedness sharply. Next, in phase three, the problems with the program become widely perceived, and debtors plead distress due to high real interest rates. When tight money goes, the house of cards collapses; the exchange rate collapses, inflation surges, and real interest rates turn very negative. Soon, another stabilization is under construction, ready for spring, tottering in the summer, and blown away by fall.

The important lesson to draw is this: tight money is not a substitute for a balanced budget. Real interest rates ultimately should be low, and the only way such a situation is sustainable is by basically sound fiscal and real exchange rate policies. Here we note that tight monetary policy is a signal of serious misalignment in the budget, the real exchange rate, or both. Realized real interest rates of 30 or 40 percent, in the presence of domestic debt, soon give rise to fiscal problems (p.26).

Still according to the same text:

Item 1 - High real interest rates indicate fiscal budget disequilibrium.

A respeito do modelo Keynesiano de equilíbrio agregativo a curto prazo, responda Verdadeiro ou Falso:

Item 3 - A política fiscal expansiva não tem efeito sobre a taxa de juros no caso de os salários nominais serem flexíveis.

Still, notable differences in the natural resource base - in the “raw materials” available to the farmer upon arrival - do exist within the study area, and likely influence agrucultural production decisions both enitially and over time, making the pattern of land use more complicated than the above “cycle” scenario might suggest. Such differences alter the possible land-use “starting points” for any such “cycle”, as well as the rate of soil change, and accompanying land-use change. Some 30% of the moderately fertile of fertile plots occurred on land characterized as hilly or steep, making some land uses (annual crops or pasture) more difficult than others (e.g. perennial crops) from the beginning. For the nearly half of sample farms overall located on steep hills, deforestation can precipitate severe soil erosion (p.11).

In the paragraph above:

Item 0 - All farmers get approximately the same amount of “raw materials”.

The breakdown of the Phillips curve and the prescience of Friedman and Phelps made macroeconomics ready for Robert Lucas’ (1976) more comprehensive attack on the consensus view. Lucas contended that many of the empirical relations that make up the large-scale macroeconometric models were no better founded on microeconomic principles than was the Phillips curve. In particular, the decisions that determine most macroeconomic variables, such as consumption and investment, depend crucially on expectations of the future course of the economy. Macroeconometric models treated expectations in a cavalier way, most often resorting to plausible but arbitrary proxies. Lucas pointed out that most policy interventions change the way individuals form expectations about the future. Yet the proxies for expectations used in the macroeconometric models failed to take account of this change in expectation formation. Lucas concluded therefore, that these models should not be used to evaluate the impact of alternative policies.

According to the same paragraph:

Item 1 - Lucas criticized the consumption function as well as the investment function for not taking expectations into account.

Classifique como Verdadeira ou Falsa a afirmativa abaixo:

Item 2 - O balanço de pagamentos tem um impacto monetário expansionista sempre que há um superávit em transações correntes.

In some aspects, all farmers in the study area inherit a similar situation: the area experiences uniform rainfall (averaging 2,800 millimeters) and temperature (an average 24C) throughout the calendar year, with little geographical differentiation. A sample of farm’s soil quality and topography shows that good soils and flat lands are common in the area (50% of farms had fertile of moderately fertile soil, over 40% were on level land) (p.10).

According to the paragraph above:

Item 0- Temperature varies substantially across regions and so does rainfall.

Tendo em conta os valores abaixo, oriundos das contas nacionais de uma economia aberta imaginária assinale com Verdadeiro ou Falso a afirmação subsequente.

Item 0 - O investimento corresponde a 20% do PIB.