Uma economia aberta com taxa nominal de câmbio flexível, expectativa de desvalorização cambial igual a zero e salários nominais rígidos para baixo, funciona de acordo com o modelo IS-LM. Suas transações com o exterior são caracterizadas por:

Importações: dependem da taxa de câmbio - quanto mais desvalorizada (ceteris paribus), menores as importações - e do nível de produto - quanto maior o produto, maiores as importações, sendo a propensão marginal a importar menos que a propensão marginal a consumir.

Exportações: dependem apenas da taxa de câmbio - quanto mais desvalorizada, maiores as exportações.

Movimento de Capitais Autônomos: depende apenas do diferencial de taxas de juros: se a taxa de juros interna for superior à externa, há entrada líquida de capitais; se for inferior, há saída.

Isto posto, responda Verdadeiro ou Falso:

Item 4 - O efeito da política monetária sobre o produto é maior com perfeita mobilidade de capitais do que com mobilidade imperfeita.

Considerando um modelo do tipo IS-LM, verifique se é Verdadeira ou Falsa a seguinte afirmação:

Item 0- O impacto expansionista da política fiscal, que resulta da operação pura e simples do mecanismo do multiplicador, é ampliado quando se incorpora as repercussões do aumento dos gastos públicos sobre o mercado de ativos.

A figura 1 apresenta a linha de orçamento (AB) de um consumidor que possui uma renda de $300.

Item 0 - A expressão algébrica da linha de orçamento (AB) é dada por: x₁ + 2x₂ = 10.

Seja a função !$ f (x,y) = { \begin {cases} c\,\,se\,\,5< x< 10\,e\,4 < y < 9 \\ 0\,caso\,contrario \end{cases}} !$ onde c é uma constante

Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3 - A função de densidade de probabilidade marginal de X é f(x) = 0,20.

PART I

Rudiger Dornbusch, Policies to Move from Stabilization to Growth. Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1990, pages 19-48.

The typical stabilization program for an economy emerging from high inflation involves freezing wages and prices and making little fiscal adjustment. For the first month of two this program is successful, partly because expectations of a freeze will have led to prior price hikes. Soon the freeze wears off, however, and the deferred rise in public sector prices, the lifting of export taxes, and real appreciation combine to erode the budget position. Then, in phase two, policy-makers implement tight money. This gives an unsustainable program another few months of life, but of course it also increases public indebtedness sharply. Next, in phase three, the problems with the program become widely perceived, and debtors plead distress due to high real interest rates. When tight money goes, the house of cards collapses; the exchange rate collapses, inflation surges, and real interest rates turn very negative. Soon, another stabilization is under construction, ready for spring, tottering in the summer, and blown away by fall.

The important lesson to draw is this: tight money is not a substitute for a balanced budget. Real interest rates ultimately should be low, and the only way such a situation is sustainable is by basically sound fiscal and real exchange rate policies. Here we note that tight monetary policy is a signal of serious misalignment in the budget, the real exchange rate, or both. Realized real interest rates of 30 or 40 percent, in the presence of domestic debt, soon give rise to fiscal problems (p.26).

According to the same text:

Item 1 - Factors contributing to the budget deficit include: postponement of public sector price hikes, real appreciation of the exchange rate, and exemption of export taxes.

Dada uma população finita, de tamanho N, e uma amostra aleatória de tamanho n,

Item 1 - a variância da média amostral será igual à variância da população sobre n somente se a amostragem for feita com reposição.

Com relação à distribuição t, Qui-quadrado e F pode-se afirmar que:

Item 2 - A Qui-quadrado com m graus de liberdade resulta da soma de m normais independentes, de média zero, ao quadrado.

Still, notable differences in the natural resource base - in the “raw materials” available to the farmer upon arrival - do exist within the study area, and likely influence agrucultural production decisions both enitially and over time, making the pattern of land use more complicated than the above “cycle” scenario might suggest. Such differences alter the possible land-use “starting points” for any such “cycle”, as well as the rate of soil change, and accompanying land-use change. Some 30% of the moderately fertile of fertile plots occurred on land characterized as hilly or steep, making some land uses (annual crops or pasture) more difficult than others (e.g. perennial crops) from the beginning. For the nearly half of sample farms overall located on steep hills, deforestation can precipitate severe soil erosion (p.11).

In the paragraph above:

Item 1 - The pattern of land use in the humid tropics is not as simple as it has been described.

Na teoria ordinal do consumidor, também chamada de teoria das preferências, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3 - uma curva de indiferença está associada a um nível único e inalterável de utilidade.

In some aspects, all farmers in the study area inherit a similar situation: the area experiences uniform rainfall (averaging 2,800 millimeters) and temperature (an average 24C) throughout the calendar year, with little geographical differentiation. A sample of farm’s soil quality and topography shows that good soils and flat lands are common in the area (50% of farms had fertile of moderately fertile soil, over 40% were on level land) (p.10).

According to the paragraph above:

Item 3 - All farmers inherited areas of similar soil fertility.