Uma implementação empírica do modelo de capital humano é feita com a seguinte especificação:

!$ lnY_i=\beta_0+\beta_1\cdot XPR_i+\beta_2\cdot (XPR_i)^2+\beta_3\cdot S_i+\epsilon_i !$

onde !$ Y_i !$ representa a renda do trabalho do i-ésimo indivíduo, !$ S_i !$ o número total de anos de sua escolaridade, !$ A_i !$ sua idade medida em anos, e, !$ XPR_i=A_i-S_i !$, sua experiência de trabalho, medida pela diferença entre sua idade e o total de anos de escolaridade. Finalmente, !$ \epsilon_i !$ é um distúrbio aleatório do modelo de regressão associado ao i-ésimo indivíduo de uma amostra de N indivíduos. Pode-se afirmar que:

Item 1 - o sinal do coeficiente !$ \beta_2 !$ indica a presença de retornos decrescentes ou crescentes à experiência de trabalho.

Com relação à Estatística Descritiva, podemos afirmar que:

Item 0 - a média aritmética, a mediana e o decil de ordem 2 são as principais medidas de tendência central.

Part III.

Macroeconomics and Small Developing Economies: A Policy-Maker’s Perspective. (Section 5, External Debt ) PP. 111-112 By DeLisle Worrell.

In Economics in a Changing World. Edited by Edmar L. Bacha

Issues of major concern in the macroeconomic literature on external debt are the optimal level of debt and the risk of debt repudiation. The optimum rate of debt accumulation is determined by the growth rate and the real interest rate. The faster the growth rate of a competitive economy the greater is its capacity to service external debt. The more rapidly an economy grows the more external debt it may support, for any level of the interest rate.

In the open economy the real interest rate is exogenous, determined on the international capital market. The rate of debt accumulation therefore depends on the growth rate. If the growth rate is exogenous, as it is in many models of debt accumulation, there is a maximum sustainable rate of debt accumulation. Models where growth depends on savings encourage the notion of an external debt constraint on growth, because an increase in interest rates reduces the optimal rate of external debt accumulation and therefore the resources available for growth. However, this implies that the increase in domestic finance in response to the increase in real interest rates is not sufficient to compensate for the reduction in external borrowing.

In models of endogenous growth it becomes clear that external debt accumulation is not the constraint, though real interest rates may be. The rate of growth depends on investment-promoting policies such as macroeconomic stability, trade policy, tax policy and the provision of public goods. For any rate of growth the real interest rate determines the ratio of external to domestic finance. If there is an external constraint on growth it is the real interest rate, which may reduce the level of investment, ceteris paribus.

One may assess the risk of default on external debt by comparing the cost of economic adjustment to provide surpluses for debt servicing with the costs of debt repudiation (Ghatak and Levine, 1991). These models are helpful in understanding the evolution and treatment of debt in the recent past, but they are less useful in determining future strategy because the results depend critically on parameters such as the rate of time preference of borrowers and the degree of risk aversion of lenders, which can only be guessed at.

The author argues that:

Item 1 -

in an open competitive economy, external debt is not the constraint to

growth.

Considere a equação de diferenças finitas !$ x_{n+2}=px_{n+1}+(1-p)x_n !$, , onde !$ p \in ]0,1[ !$. Classifique como verdadeira ou falsa a afirmativa abaixo.

Item 3 - Se x_n não é uma sequência constante, então a sequência cujo termo geral é {x_n - x_n-1} é uma progressão geométrica de razão negativa.

Considere a equação de diferenças finitas !$ x_{n+2}=px_{n+1}+(1-p)x_n !$, , onde !$ p \in ]0,1[ !$. Classifique como verdadeira ou falsa a afirmativa abaixo.

Item 2 - Se a sequência {x_n} é uma progressão geométrica, então a razão é necessariamente 1−p.

Part III.

Macroeconomics and Small Developing Economies: A Policy-Maker’s Perspective. (Section 5, External Debt ) PP. 111-112 By DeLisle Worrell.

In Economics in a Changing World. Edited by Edmar L. Bacha

Issues of major concern in the macroeconomic literature on external debt are the optimal level of debt and the risk of debt repudiation. The optimum rate of debt accumulation is determined by the growth rate and the real interest rate. The faster the growth rate of a competitive economy the greater is its capacity to service external debt. The more rapidly an economy grows the more external debt it may support, for any level of the interest rate.

In the open economy the real interest rate is exogenous, determined on the international capital market. The rate of debt accumulation therefore depends on the growth rate. If the growth rate is exogenous, as it is in many models of debt accumulation, there is a maximum sustainable rate of debt accumulation. Models where growth depends on savings encourage the notion of an external debt constraint on growth, because an increase in interest rates reduces the optimal rate of external debt accumulation and therefore the resources available for growth. However, this implies that the increase in domestic finance in response to the increase in real interest rates is not sufficient to compensate for the reduction in external borrowing.

In models of endogenous growth it becomes clear that external debt accumulation is not the constraint, though real interest rates may be. The rate of growth depends on investment-promoting policies such as macroeconomic stability, trade policy, tax policy and the provision of public goods. For any rate of growth the real interest rate determines the ratio of external to domestic finance. If there is an external constraint on growth it is the real interest rate, which may reduce the level of investment, ceteris paribus.

One may assess the risk of default on external debt by comparing the cost of economic adjustment to provide surpluses for debt servicing with the costs of debt repudiation (Ghatak and Levine, 1991). These models are helpful in understanding the evolution and treatment of debt in the recent past, but they are less useful in determining future strategy because the results depend critically on parameters such as the rate of time preference of borrowers and the degree of risk aversion of lenders, which can only be guessed at.

The author states that:

Item 1 -

Part III.

Macroeconomics and Small Developing Economies: A Policy-Maker’s Perspective. (Section 5, External Debt ) PP. 111-112 By DeLisle Worrell.

In Economics in a Changing World. Edited by Edmar L. Bacha

Issues of major concern in the macroeconomic literature on external debt are the optimal level of debt and the risk of debt repudiation. The optimum rate of debt accumulation is determined by the growth rate and the real interest rate. The faster the growth rate of a competitive economy the greater is its capacity to service external debt. The more rapidly an economy grows the more external debt it may support, for any level of the interest rate.

In the open economy the real interest rate is exogenous, determined on the international capital market. The rate of debt accumulation therefore depends on the growth rate. If the growth rate is exogenous, as it is in many models of debt accumulation, there is a maximum sustainable rate of debt accumulation. Models where growth depends on savings encourage the notion of an external debt constraint on growth, because an increase in interest rates reduces the optimal rate of external debt accumulation and therefore the resources available for growth. However, this implies that the increase in domestic finance in response to the increase in real interest rates is not sufficient to compensate for the reduction in external borrowing.

In models of endogenous growth it becomes clear that external debt accumulation is not the constraint, though real interest rates may be. The rate of growth depends on investment-promoting policies such as macroeconomic stability, trade policy, tax policy and the provision of public goods. For any rate of growth the real interest rate determines the ratio of external to domestic finance. If there is an external constraint on growth it is the real interest rate, which may reduce the level of investment, ceteris paribus.

One may assess the risk of default on external debt by comparing the cost of economic adjustment to provide surpluses for debt servicing with the costs of debt repudiation (Ghatak and Levine, 1991). These models are helpful in understanding the evolution and treatment of debt in the recent past, but they are less useful in determining future strategy because the results depend critically on parameters such as the rate of time preference of borrowers and the degree of risk aversion of lenders, which can only be guessed at.

The author argues that one may assess the risk of default on external debt by:

Item 1 - comparing the cost of economic adjustment with the costs of debt repudiation.

Considerando as várias teorias explicativas dos ciclos econômicos, indique se as proposições abaixo é falsa ou verdadeira:

Item 1 - Choques de produtividade explicam os ciclos para os adeptos da teoria dos ciclos reais.

O Plano Cruzado, além de assegurar uma estabilização temporária dos preços,

Item 1 - reduziu a renda real dos trabalhadores.

Nos anos oitenta — a partir de 1983 – a economia brasileira passou a produzir expressivos superávits comerciais. Com respeito a esses resultados, pode-se afirmar que:

Item 3 - o fraco desempenho da economia brasileira na década de oitenta favoreceu o surgimento de superávits comerciais.

Indique se a proposição abaixo é falsa ou verdadeira:

Item 0 - O efeito imediato de uma desvalorização cambial sobre a balança comercial pode ser negativo, tendendo a melhorar com o passar do tempo.