Alguns aspectos da economia internacional contribuíram para o rápido crescimento da economia brasileira no período do “milagre” (1968-73). Entre esses estão:

Item 3 - o rápido crescimento do comércio internacional e da economia mundial;

Considerando a matriz !$ A= \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 3 \\ 0 & 1 & 3 \\ -1 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} !$, assinale certo ou errado:

Item 4 - Se P é uma matriz inversível tal que !$ PAP^{-1}= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & a \\ 0 & 1 & b \\0 & 0 & c \end{pmatrix} !$, então !$ c > 0 !$.

É correto o item:

Item 2 - O Plano Real foi implementado em três fases, na seguinte seqüência: ajuste fiscal, criação da URV e instituição da nova moeda.

Avalie o item:

Item 4 - Quando a economia passa de um patamar de alta inflação para um patamar de baixa inflação, mantendo o produto constante, a oferta real de moeda aumenta.

Rising real rates of interest, transmitted to LDCs and to their DRAs, are likely to cause rising rates of resource degradation, via private incentives and public capacities.

Suppose a farmer is choosing between a “sustainable” way to manage land, which generates a net return of y1 each year forever, and “exhaustive” way, which generates a higher return, y2 each year for n years, after which the land has been destroyed and yields nothing. It can easily be shown that the “sustainable” path yields a higher present value if, and only if

(y2/y1) < 1 – 1/ (1 – r)ⁿ⁺¹

Where r is the real interest rate for a n-year loan. For example, if r = 10 percent and n = 15 years, the sustainable path is chosen only if it produces at least 78 percent as much, forever, as the exhaustive path produces for 15 years before destroying the land. If r = 5 percent, the sustainable path needs to produce less, namely, 54 percent of “exhaustive” net returns, to be preferred. Clearly, the rise in real long-term rates of interest, if transmitted to DRAs, must have had enormous incentive effects on resource management, shifting it away from sustainability.

If risk is allowed for, the interest rate incentive to deplete is probably sharpened. Higher interest rates reduce the present-value burden of long-term-future downside risks, relative to that of near-term risks (and costs). The land use patterns are therefore shifted toward activities with long-term risks, such as possible long-term resource degradation.

In the analysis of the effects of risk on resource depletion, the text allows one to conclude that:

Item 3 - since higher interest rates reduce the present-value burden of long-term-future downside risks, relative to that of near-term risks, resource managers will try avoid the former while accepting the latter;

Avalie o item:

Item 4 - A taxa que iguala a somatória do valor presente dos rendimentos esperados de um bem de capital a seu preço de oferta é denominada, por Keynes, eficiência marginal do capital.